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Anatomy and Physiology > exam 1b > Flashcards

exam 1b Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

axon, myelin sheath, button terminals, Nodes of Ranvier, dendrites, nucleus, and cell body (soma)

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2
Q

Soma

A

cell body

metabolic center of the neuron

contains:
nucleus of the cell
neurotransmitter-synthesizing mechanisms
energy producing and storing structures

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3
Q

dendrites

A

input unit

branchlike extensions that receive information from other neurons

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4
Q

axon

A

output unit

extends from cell bodied to target cells and transmits information to other cells

vary from 1 meter to a few centimeters

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5
Q

axon hillock

A

small bump between axon and cell body where axon originates

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6
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinates axons in the central nervous system

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7
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelinates axons in the peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

Pre-synaptic terminals

A

fingerlike projections at the end of axon

belongs to the neuron transmitting information

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9
Q

Post-synaptic terminal

A

area on dendrite, cell body, or axon which receives the signal transmitted from pre-synaptic terminal

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10
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between two terminals

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical compounds that transfer information about its activity

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12
Q

what is the only direction information can be transferred in?

A

pre-synaptic terminal to post-synaptic terminal

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13
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

spaces in the myelin sheath not covered by a fatty substance

important for saltatory conduction and aid in speed of signal transmission

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14
Q

How do Nodes and Ranvier aid in speed?

A

signal jumps over myelinated areas like leapfrog rather than flowing down length of axon

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15
Q

Action potential

A

ALL or NONE Principle: either the stimulus is strong enough or not to result in action potential

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16
Q

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential

A

EPSP

positive charges that cause the next neuron to move towards the action potential

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17
Q

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential

A

IPSP

negative charges that cause next neuron to move away from action potential

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18
Q

Absolute Refractory period

A

period immediately following an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential, regardless of stimulus strength

time of firing levels to 1/3 of the way through repolarizing

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19
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

period following an action potential during which a neuron can fire an action potential, but requires a stronger stimulus than usual

last 2/3 of rest of the potential

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20
Q

Temporal Summation

A

positive charges building up over time, resulting in an action potential

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21
Q

Spatial Summation

A

occurs when positive charges keep coming in over and over

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22
Q

Describe an action potential

A

-Resting potential: -60 mV
-Stimulus causes cell to reduce negativity (move in positive direction) to -50 or -45 mV
-At the threshold for a cell to fire (-50), receptor proteins open and sodium rushes in (sodium is positively charged) DEPOLARIZATION
-Depolarization continues until cell crosses 0
-At peak (35 to 40 mV) cell pumps out potassium and begins to move in a negative direction REPOLARIZATION

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23
Q

hyperpolarization

A

state in which it is hard for a cell to fire

results in absolute refractory and relative refractory periods

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24
Q

consequences of positive and negative charges

A

positive charges cause resting potential to increase and can cause action potential

negative charges cause resting potential to decrease and do nothing regarding action potentials

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25
relationship between strength of stimulus and latency
stronger stimulus - shorter latency
26
sensory nervous system
vision hearing touch smell
27
measuring sensitivity in sensory nervous system
level of sensitivity is based on how many nerve fibers are affected
28
motor nervous system
causes muscles to assume various degrees of contraction
29
ration of nerve and muscle best for fine motor movement (innervation ratio)
low nerve to muscle ratio 1 to 1 is better than 1 to 100
30
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater
31
Dura Mater
outermost layer, thick and non elastic made of two united layers has two folds of tissue that protect brain from displacement: falx cerebri ternorium cerebelli
32
subdural space
space below dura filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
33
Arachnoid Mater
inferior to subdural space bridges the sulci and projects into venous sinuses to form arachnoid villi- important for uptake of CSF into bloodstream
34
subarachnoid space
below arachnoid mater and filled with CSF important because all cerebral arteries, veins, and cranial nerves pass through this space
35
Pia Mater
closely adheres to surface of the brain (cannot be removed without destroying cerebral cortex) bridges gyri and extends down to sulci
36
What are the ventricles?
Lateral Ventricles Third Ventricle Fourth Ventricle
37
Lateral Ventricles
paired structures, but considered as one C-shaped choroid plexus located on medial aspect
38
Name and locations of the division of the Lateral Ventricle
Body: parietal lobe Anterior horn: frontal lobe Posterior horn: occipital lobe inferior horn: temporal lobe
39
Third Ventricle
located between thalamis small slit that is connected to lateral ventricle by foramen of Munro and to fourth ventricle by aqueduct of Sylvius chiroid plexus located on roof of ventricle
40
Fourth Ventricle
anterior to cerebellum and posterior to pons & upper half of medulla continuous with cerebral aqueduct and central canal chiroid plexus is T shaped
41
Four parts of Fourth ventricle
roof walls (2) floor
42
Major foreamen of Fourth ventricle
lateral formina of Luschka foreamen of Magendie empties CSF into subarachnoid space
43
Major function of ventricles
To provide circulation of CSF buildup of CSF- hydrocephalus
44
ependyma
membrane that lines the ventricles to form chiroid plexus - produces CSF
45
Cerebral spinal fluid
colorless fluid that protects brain and spinal cords by separating them from bones functions: protection provide nourishment to nervous tissue regulate intracranial pressure pressure can be measured for diagnostic purposes
46
Divisions of the Brain
Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain
47
Hindbrain
Rhombencephalon lowest level of the brain two subdivisions: Afterbrain Marrowbrain
48
Afterbrain
Metencephalon Subdivision of Hindbrain includes pons and cerebellum
49
Marrowbrain
Myelencephalon subdivision of Hindbrain consists of medulla oblongota
50
Medulla
smallest part of the brain location where some cranial nerves enter and exit attaches to spinal cords in higher areas
51
Midbrain
Mesencephalon consists only of midbrain highest part of brainSTEM with some connections leaving midbrain
52
Forebrain
Prosencephalon highest part of the brain consists of endbrain and interbrain
53
Endbrain
Telencephalon made of cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia (crucial for motor control and higher cognitive function)
54
Interbrain
Diencephalon consists of thalamus and hypothalamus
55
thalamus
first stop for all sensory information (besides olfaction)and first area with connections to arousal
56
hypothalamus
important for basic functions (body temp. and hunger) regulates sensation
57
Major arteries of the brain
vertebral internal carotid communicating
58
Vertebral arteries
form basilar artery at base of pons which splits to form posterior cerebral arteries - supply posterior temporal lobe and occipital lobe
59
Internal Carotid Arteries
anterior cerebral artery: supplies medial aspects middle cerebral artery: supplies lateral aspects
60
communicating arteries
important incase of blockages posterior: attaches front and back arteries anterior: attaches left and right arteries
61
Circle of Willis
system of arteries defense mechanism to provide blood flow is blockage occurs
62
Cranial nerves
12 pairs (24 total)
63
Cranial nerve I
Olfactory sensory smell
64
Cranial nerve II
Optic sensory sight
65
Cranial nerve III
Oculomotor motor eye movement
66
Cranial nerve IV
trochlear motor movement for 1 eye muscle
67
Cranial nerve V
trigeminal both sensory and motor S: face and mouth M: chewing and soft palate
68
Cranial nerve VI
abducens motor moving eyes outward
69
Cranial nerve VII
facial both sensory and motor S: tongue and outer ear M: facial expression
70
Cranial nerve VIII
auditory/vestibular sensory hearing and balance
71
Cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal both sensory and motor S: tongue and tympanic membrane M: sylophayngous - important for swallowing and speech)
72
Cranial nerve X
vagus both sensory and motor S: lower pharynx and inner larynx M: pharynx and larynx muscles
73
Cranial nerve XI
spinal accessory motor soft palate, larynx, and neck muscles
74
Cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal motor tongue movement/tongue control
75
plasticity
ability to rebound after brain damage decreases with age
76
theory of equipotentiality
any neural tissue can subserve any function (can process any type of information within reason)

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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