Exam 2 (Winter 2014) Flashcards

Question

Permissive parenting

Answer 1

parents submit to their children’s desires. They make few demands and use little punishment. Kids more aggressive and immature.

Answer 2

parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but they also explain the reasons for rules. And, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion when making the rules and allow exceptions.

Answer 3

Psychologists began to look at how maturation and experience shape us not only in infancy and childhood, but also in adolescence and beyond.

Answer 4

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Answer 5

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Answer 6

Think about what is ideally possible and compare that with the imperfect reality of their society, their parents, and even themselves. Debate human nature, good and evil, truth and justice. May seek a deeper conception of God and existence. Can detect inconsistencies and hypocrisy in others’ reasoning.

Answer 7

before age 9. Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards.

Answer 8

early adolescence. Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Answer 9

adolescence and beyond. Actions reflect beliefs in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

Answer 10

our sense of self; according to Erickson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Answer 11

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

Answer 12

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

Answer 13

an inability to recognize the faces of familiar people, typically as a result of damage to the brain.

Answer 14

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous systems receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Answer 15

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Answer 16

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

Answer 17

information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Answer 18

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.

Answer 19

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them

Answer 20

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Answer 21

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference.

Answer 22

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a given percentage (rather than a given amount)

Answer 23

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)

Answer 24

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Answer 25

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Answer 26

adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

Answer 27

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

Answer 28

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Answer 29

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Answer 30

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there.

Answer 31

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

Answer 32

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Answer 33

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, which stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.

Answer 34

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. Some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

Answer 35

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

Answer 36

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Answer 37

we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object.

Answer 38

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

Answer 39

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.

Answer 40

depth cues, such as interposition, and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

Answer 41

perceiving objects as unchanging (having constant shapes, sizes, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images and change.

Answer 42

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

Answer 43

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.

Answer 44

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled, tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fliod trigger nerve impulses

Answer 45

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

Answer 46

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Can be helped by a cochlear implant.

Answer 47

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. Can be helped by hearing aids.

Answer 48

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

Answer 49

Loudness is measured from the number of activated hair cells.

Answer 50

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

Answer 51

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulse traveling ip the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.

Answer 52

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

Answer 53

the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body.

Answer 54

in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

Answer 55

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

Answer 56

brain produces false sounds and sights. Produce pain or other perception of amputated/missing arms or legs.

Exam 2 (Winter 2014) Flashcards

(80 cards)