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A & P 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone connective tissue composed of…

A

Collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite ground substance

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2
Q

Gives bone tissue its strength under tensile forces

A

Collagen

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3
Q

Hydroxyapatite is made of…

A

Inorganic mineral substance containing calcium

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4
Q

Gives bone tissue its strength under compressive forces

A

Hydroxyapatite

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5
Q

(Entire) bone is composed of…

A

Bone/connective tissue and nervous/epithelial elements

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6
Q

Fiction of skeletal system

A

Structure/support/protection
Locomotion/movement
Blood cell formation
Stores inorganic minerals, especially calcium
Indicator of height, age, sex, weight, geographic ancestry, (some) medical history

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7
Q

Components of skeletal system

A

Bones and joints

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8
Q

(Macro bone structure) shaft/primary center of ossification

A

Diaphysis

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9
Q

(Macro bone structure) associated with articulation/secondary ossification center

A

Epiphysis - usually on either side of diaphysis

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10
Q

Epiphyseal plate is made of…

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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11
Q

Disk connecting diaphysis and epiphysis

A

Epiphyseal Plate

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12
Q

Membranes covering outer and inner bone surfaces.

A

Periosteum (outer)

Endosteum (inner)

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13
Q

Cavity at center of long bone.

A

Medullary cavity

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14
Q

Covers bone where it articulates with other bones

A

Articular cartilage (composed of hyaline cartilage)

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15
Q

(bone tissues) between compact bone and endosteum, large gaps between struts, will crumble under pressure

A

Spongy

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16
Q

(bone tissues) between periosteum and spongy bone, composed of osteons

A

Compact

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17
Q

(part of compact bone) concentric layers of bony connective tissue

A

Lamellae

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18
Q

(part of compact bone) contains blood vessels and nerves, and is inside lamellae

A

Central canal

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19
Q

Holes found between lamellae

A

Lacunae

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20
Q

Passageways connecting lacunae to each other and the central canal

A

Canaliculi

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21
Q

Connects central canals to each other

A

Perforating canals

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22
Q

Bone broken but skin is not broken

A

Simple Fracture

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23
Q

Bone break through skin

A

Compound fracture

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24
Q

Bone is fragmented

A

Comminuted

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25
Comminuted fractures must be repaired quickly because...
Fragmented pieces lose blood supply and bone tissue will die if not repaired quickly.
26
Not fractured all the way through the bone
Incomplete fracture
27
Incomplete fracture + bending of bone. | More common in _______
Greenstick Fracture | Children
28
Tendon or ligament pulls bone away at site of attachment.
Avulsion
29
Healing of fracture process (4 stages)
Hematoma --> soft callus --> hard callus --> remodeling of hard callus to mature bone.
30
Reduction of bone density due to deossification, most prevalent in middle-aged and elderly women
Osteoporosis.
31
Cause of sexual dimorphism with osteoporosis
Women have less bone mass and lose bone mass sooner than men (around 35/not result of menopause)
32
Men start losing bone mass around __ years old. | The exception?
60 years old | Men being treated for prostate cancer - due to the steroids.
33
The study of joints.
Arthrology
34
Immovable joint/Example
Synarthrosis/Skull Sutures
35
Moderately/slightly movable joint
Amphiarthrosis
36
Freely movable joint
Diarthrosis
37
Medial or lateral movement of the soles of the feet (touching soles of feet together)
Medial: Inversion Lateral: Eversion
38
Movement of body parts upwards and downwards (shoulder shrug)
Upwards: Elevation Downward: Depression (back to rest pos)
39
Movement of body parts forward and backwards (hugging)
Forward: Protraction Backward: Retraction (back to resting pos)
40
Displacement of bone within a joint.
Dislocation
41
PARTIAL and TOTAL dislocation.
Subluxation (partial) | luxation (total)
42
Over stretching or tearing of connective tissue associated with synovial joints
Sprains
43
Inflammation of a bursa
Bursistis
44
Autoimmune disease involving synovial joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
45
Characterized by inflammation of the synovial joint
Rheumatoid Arthritis
46
Typically bilateral, affecting small joints of the hands and feet. Also, genetic in nature with early age of onset.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
47
Progressive degeneration of synovial joints through wear and tear. Therefore, not alway bilateral.
Osteoarthritis
48
Relatively late age onset. Affects high-use joints, large weight-bearing joints, or joints previously involved in acute trauma
Osteoarthritis
49
Three functions of muscular system.
Movement Stabilization Thermogenesis
50
Muscles possess.... (...bilities)
Irritability (cells respond to stimulus) Contractility (cells shorten) Extensibility (cells lengthen) Elasticity (return to original length)
51
Muscles are composed of ______ cells and are capable of _____/______.
Elongated | repair/healing
52
Three ways muscle cells repair/heal.
Hyperlasia - cell division Replacement - by satellite cells Hypertrophy - cells increase in size
53
Skeletal muscles located...
upper part of esophagus, diaphragm
54
Skeletal muscles method(s) of repair
Replacement aided through hypertrophy | NOT cell division
55
Only multinucleate type of muscle cell
Skeletal
56
A single muscle cell/fiber is surrounded by ________.
Endomysium
57
A bundle of muscle fibers is called a ______, and is surrounded by a ________.
Fascicle | Perimysium
58
A group of _______ make up the muscle, and is surrounded by an _______.
Fascicles | Epimysium
59
At the end of the muscle, the ________, _______ and ________ come together to form muscle tendons.
Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium
60
The cell membrane of a muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma
61
A continuation of the sarcolemma, extending into the interior of the muscle fiber, surrounding the myofibrils.
Transverse Tubules
62
Specialized endoplasmic reticulum, forms a tubular network around the myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
63
Large chambers of sarcoplasmic reticulum encircling the myofibril, on either side of the transfers tubule; storage of calcium ions.
Cisternae
64
Unit of a transfers tubule and flanking cisternae encircling a myofibril
Triad
65
Made up of microfilaments, arranged into sarcomere
Myofibrils
66
Myofibrils: Thin filament - made up primarily of the protein ______. Thick filament - made up primarily of the protein _______.
Actin | Myosin
67
Sudden change in electric charge of the cell membrane
Action Potential
68
Action potential travels through the _ _____ to the ________ and triggers the release of _______ ____ from the cisternae.
T Tubules Myofibrils Calcium Ions
69
Calcium ions cause exposure of ________ ____ on the actin molecules of the thin filament.
Binding Sites
70
Muscle primarily responsible for specific joint movement.
Agonist
71
Muscle which produces opposite actin of agonist.
Antagonist
72
Muscle which assists the agonist.
Synergist
73
When muscles contract under circumstances where little/no muscle shortening can occur - holding position against resistance without moving.
Isometric
74
Contractions where muscle fibers change length
Isotonic
75
Muscle is shortened (curl bicep)
Concentric
76
Overall length of muscle increases during a contraction - slowly extend from a curl - resist the return back to resting state.
Eccentric
77
Three causes of atrophy.
``` Disuse (mechanical) Denervation (Nerve problem) Muscular Dystrophy (abnormality of muscle cell) ```
78
Four causes of cramps.
Ion imbalance Fatigue Some deficiency Dehydration
79
As muscles age....
Fibers become smaller/less elastic. | Healing process slows.
80
Muscle type located with visceral organs, blood vessels, lower part of esophagus, skin, spleen - involuntary/non-striated.
Smooth Muscle
81
Two muscle types with single, centrally located nucleus.
Smooth and Cardiac
82
Shorter elongated cell with tapered ends (muscle type)
Smooth
83
Muscle type contains actin and myosin fibers, but not arranged into sarcomeres.
Smooth Muscles
84
Muscle type utilizes all three repair/regeneration processes - hyperplasia, hypertrophy, differentiation.
Smooth Muscle
85
Sheets of fibers with numerous connections between fibers; all fibers contract as a single unit (type of smooth muscle)
Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle
86
Fibers loosely organized; individual cells must be stimulated separately (type of smooth muscle)
Multiunit smooth muscle
87
Muscle type located with the heart and roots of great vessels adjoining the heart/involuntary and striated
Cardiac Muscles
88
Cells connected by intercalated discs which transmit impulses between cells.
Cardiac Muscle
89
Stimulation in one part of net causes contraction within whole unit.
Cardiac Muscle
90
Functions in the absence of nervous or hormonal input.
Autorhythimicity (Cardiac muscles)
91
Cells cannot divide or be replaced. Repair and regeneration is accomplished solely with HYPERTROPHY.
Cardiac Muscles

A & P 1 (11 decks)

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