Quiz 7 - Neural Tissue/Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards by Guy DaWalt

Wave of depolarization that is propagated across and entire cell membrane

Action Potential

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The properties of the nation potential are independent of the relative strength of the depolarizing stimulus as long as that stimulus exceeds the threshold potential.

All-or-None Principle

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Generation of action potential

Depolarize membrane to threshold potential
Activate sodium channels/Sodium ions enter cell and membrane is depolarized
Sodium channels close/potassium channels reopen. Membrane polarizes again
Resting potential is re-established and normal ion permeability is restored.

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Junction between a neuron and another cell

Synapse

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Transmission of neural impulse from one cell to another.

Synaptic Transmission

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Signal jumping between myelin.

Saltation

Signals travel faster with myelin.

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Space between the two cells

Synaptic cleft

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Synaptic Transmission: _______ _______ of the synaptic terminal releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Presynaptic Membrane

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Synaptic Transmission: ____________ diffuses across the synaptic cleft and reacts with the _________ membrane

Neurotransmitter

Postsynaptic

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Postsynaptic membrane may be ________, GENERATING propagation of an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane.

Depolarized

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Postsynaptic membrane may become __________, INHIBITING propagation of an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane.

Hyperpolarized

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The effect of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane depends on the properties of the _______, not on the nature of the _________.

Receptor

Neurotransmitter

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End formation by which the axon of a motor neuron establishes synaptic contact with a skeletal muscle fiber

Motor End Plate

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The ________ is modified around the motor end plate.

Sarcolemma

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A single motor neuron, plus those muscle fibers controlled by it.

The motor unit

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Autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness.

Myasthenia Gravis

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Antibodies bind to the receptors and both the neurotransmitters.
More common and earlier onset in _________ (men/women).

Myasthenia Gravis

Women

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Symptom: Trouble blinkning, swallowing, tracking with eyes.

Myasthenia Gravis

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Neurotoxin prevents muscle contraction by preventing release of neurotransmitter from motor neuron.

Botulism

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Mis-canned food is a prime source for ______.

Botulism

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Neurotoxin causes excessive stimulation of target muscle, which results in severe muscle spasms and sustained muscle contractions.

Tetanus

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Open wounds are susceptible to ______.

Tetanus

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Potential at which sodium-channels open, allowing sodium ions to readily enter the cell; depolarization to -60 to -55mV (small kids opening fire door… once that threshold is reached, it doesn’t matter if it is barely reached or 10x what’s necessary)

Threshold Potential

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Local changes in membrane potential can be additive if they occur close together in time or space (multiple signals close together in time or space)

Summation

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Amount of change is directly proportional to the size of the stimulus.

Graded Potential

Resting potential becomes more negative vs. resting potential becomes less negative

Hyperpolarizing vs. Depolarizing

Myelinate axons of the PNS

Schwann Cells

A cluster of neuron cell bodies

Ganglion

Surround and provide support for neuron cell bodies within a ganglion

Satellite Cells

The multi-layered membranous wrapping formed by the oligodendrocyte; increases the speed of action potential propagation along the axon.

Myelin

Process wrap around axons of the CNS, INSULATING them

Oligodendrocyte

The "immune system" cells of the CNS

Microglia

Support cell for neurons in the CNS; a component of the "blood-brain barrier" (gate-keepers for what comes out of blood vessels)

Astrocyte

Epithelial cells, lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord; some specialized ependymal cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid.

Ependymal Cell

Support cells of the nervous system

Neuroglia

Cells of the afferent division of the PNS (internal & external senses)

Sensory neurons

Cells of the efferent division of the PNS

Motor Neurons

May act as connectors between sensory and motor neurons; located entirely within the CNS

Interneurons

Small, with a short axon not easily distinguished from the dendrites; primarily found in the brain and in special sense organs

Anaxonic

Has one long axon and many dendrites; most common type of neuron in the CNS

Multipolar

Appears to have one process which bifurcates into an axon and a single dendrite; most sensory neurons are _________.

Unipolar

Has one long axon and only one dendrite, positioned at opposite ends of the soma; occurs in special sense organs

Bipolar

Junction between a neuron and another cell

Synapse

End of an axon which interacts with another cell and the synapse.

Synaptic Terminal

Long cytoplasmic process which carries nervous impulses away from the soma

Axon

Highly branched processes which carry nervous impulses toward the soma.

Dendrites

Cells that transmit nervous impulses

Neurons

SNS & function

Somatic Nervous System - Motor controls going to skeletal muscles.

ANS & function

Autonomic Nervous System - Cardiac and smooth muscles - involuntary.

Carrying nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles, visceral organs and glands.

Efferent Division

Carrying nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.

Afferent Division

S.A.M.E.

Sensory - Afferent | Motor - Efferent

CNS/make-up

Central Nervous System - brain and spinal cord

PNS/make-up

Peripheral Nervous System - Neural tissue outside of the CNS

Center of conscious thought

Cerebrum

Located int he frontal lobe, just in front of the central sulcus. Processes motor neuron info

Motor Cortex

Located in the parietal lobe, just behind the central sulcus. Processes sensory neuron info

Sensory Cortex

Located throughout the cerebral cortex

Association and Integration areas

Composed primarily of myelinated axons

Central White Matter

Cluster of gray matter embedded within the central white matter

Cerebral Nuclei

Containing the thalamus and hypothalamus

Diencephalon

Located on either side of the third ventricle. | Relays and filters sensory information ascending from the spinal cord to the cerebral nuclei and cortex

Thalamus

Lying below the thalamus and making up the lower walls and floor of the third ventricle. Boss of pituitary gland.

Hypothalamus

The 'primitive' or 'emotional' brain

Limbic System

Joins lower parts of the brain stem and spinal cord to the diencephalon and cerebrum.

Mesencephalon

Coordinates automatic adjustment of skeletal muscles to maintain posture.

Cerebellum

Links the cerebellum to the mesencephalon, cerebrum and s spinal cord.

Pons

Contains nuclei for cranial nerves V through VIII

Pons

Contains nuclei dealing with control of respiration

Pons

An enlarged continuation of the spinal cord, extending from the foramen magnum to the pons

Medulla Oblongata

Relay for all sensory and motor nerve tracts. | Contains nuclei for cranial nerves VIII through XII.

Medulla Oblongata

Oh, Oh, Oh To Touch And Feel Vaginas Gives Vinny A Hard-on

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

Nerver Roots: (Efferent fibers), (Afferent fibers), (housing sensory neuron cell bodies)

Ventral Root, Dorsal Root, Dorsal Root Ganglion

Coverings of the spinal cord.

Meninges

Meaning that continues onto nerves stemming off spinal cord.

Dura Mater

Space outside of the dura mater

Epidural Space

Inside the dura mater.

Arachnoid Mater

Deepest meninge; Fused to the outside surface of the spinal cord

Pia Mater

Spinal nerve coverings: Surrounds each individual fiber of the PNS. smallest/deepest

Endoneurium

Spinal nerve coverings: Surrounds a fascicle (bundle of nerve fibers) Middle (size/location)

Perineurium

Spinal nerve coverings: Surrounds a peripheral nerve. largest/most superficial

Epineurium

Sensory and motor innervation to skin and muscles near the spinal column

Dorsal primary ramus

Sensory and motor innervation to the rest of the body

Ventral primary ramus

White ramus (myelinated) and gray ramus

Rami Communicantes

In general, prepares the body for fight or flight.

Sympathetic division of ANS

_______ neurons originate in the thoracolumbar region.

Preganglionic

In general, prepares the body for 'rest and repose'

Parasympathetic

________ speeds the heart up and ________ slows it down.

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic

Area monitored by a single receptor cell.

Receptive Field

Process by which the brain causes a sensation to be perceived as originating at the point of stimulation.

Projection

Adjustment to a sensory stimulus over time

Sensory Adaptation

Send info about outside environment.

Exteroceptors

Send info about internal environment

Interoceptors

Respond to mechanical deformation of the nerve receptor

Mechanoreceptor

Respond to damage

Pain receptor

Respond to temp.

Thermoreceptor

Respond to chemical

Chemoreceptor

Respond to light.

Photoreceptor

The general senses: touch, pressure, vibration

Tactile receptors

Pressure receptors in organ walls sending stretch signals.

Baroreceptors

Send signals to the cerebellum about where we are in space.

Proprioceptors

Signal oxygen deprivation, damage or close to damaging.

Pain receptors

Free nerve endings with a large receptive field. Do NOT adapt. Stimulus travels to the thalamus, and then to the cerebral cortex.

Pain Receptors

The sense of taste

gustation

Vision anatomy: composed of the sclera and the cornea.

Fibrous tunic

Vision anatomy: composed of the choroid layer, iris, pupil and ciliary body.

Vascular tunic

Vision anatomy: composed of the pigmented layer and the neural layer.

Neural tunic

For visual acuity in dim light, distributed in a broad band on the periphery of the retina.

Rods

For color vision, distributed along the posterior retinal surface, concentrated in the fovea centralis of the macula lutea.

Cones