Topic 6 - The Skeletal System

Question 1

Bone tissue found underlying articular cartilage, making up facet surface

Answer 1

Subchondral Bone

Question 2

Lay down new bone tissue

Answer 2

Osteoblasts

Question 3

Osteoblasts are located within the _____ _____ and beneath ______ / ______.

Answer 3

Central Canal

Periosteum/Endosteum

Question 4

Former osteoblasts; Maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral content.

Answer 4

Osteocytes

Question 5

Osteocytes reside within ______.

Answer 5

Lacunae

Question 6

Relationship between osteoblasts and osteocytes (cycle).

Answer 6

After an osteoblast surrounds itself with bone tissue, it “retires” and turns into an osteocyte and keeps tabs on said surrounding bone tissue - especially calcium levels.

Question 7

Destroy/resorb bone tissue

Answer 7

Osteoclasts

Question 8

Fusion of several monocytes; Large, multinucleated pac-man ghosts

Answer 8

Osteoclasts

Question 9

A bone remodels its shape in response to the forces traveling though it.

Answer 9

Wolff’s Law

Question 10

Type of bone - top of skull and clavicle

Answer 10

Intramembranous bone

Question 11

Type of bone - skull base and all post cranial bones, including parts of clavicle (cartilaginous)

Answer 11

Endochondral bone

Question 12

Ontogenetic process in endochondral bone

Answer 12

1. Hyaline cartilage template
2. Cartilage disintegrates/excavates interior of template; blood vessels invade with connective tissue cells
3. Periosteum forms/Connective tissue cells differentiate into osteoblasts
4. Osteoblasts start forming spongy bone (interior) and compact bone beneath periosteum.
5. Interstitial growth (on either end) and Appositional growth (shaft)

Question 13

Interstitial Growth

Answer 13

Bone growth on either end of bone between epiphysis and diaphysis around epiphyseal plate. Growth ceases when epiphyseal plate ossifies

Question 14

Appositional Growth

Answer 14

Increase overall size.
Osteoblasts deposit compact bone just below the periosteum.
Osteoclasts at inner bone surface destroy bone and enlarge medullary cavity
(Add to outside/remove from inside)

Question 15

Ontogenetic process in intramembranous bone

Answer 15

1. Membrane forms around blood vessels
2. Connective tissue cells around blood vessels differentiate into osteoblasts and start forming spongy bone.
3. At the same time, periosteum forms and underlying connective tissue cells differentiate into osteoblasts and start forming compact bone.
4. Remaining growth resembles appositional growth.

Question 16

Vitamin C deficiency leads to _______

Answer 16

Scurvy - Thinning of compact and spongy bone tissue - more susceptible to fractures

Question 17

Vitamin D deficiency leads to _______ in children and __________ in adults.

Answer 17

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Question 18

Vitamin D is needed for ________ __ ____ ____.

Answer 18

Mineralization of bone tissue

Question 19

Excess of this hormone leads to thinning and weakening of bone tissue.

Answer 19

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 20

Process/Function of parathyroid hormone.

Answer 20

Process:
Increase osteoclast activity
Decrease osteoblast activity
Function:
To increase calcium in blood - due to calcium deficiency.

Question 21

________ growth hormone.

Answer 21

Pituitary growth hormone.

Question 22

Excess of ______ growth hormone leads to _______ in children and _______ in adults.

Answer 22

Pituitary
Gigantism
Acromegaly

Question 23

Effect of gigantism.

Answer 23

Increased growth RATE and growth PERIOD

Question 24

Effect of acromegaly

Answer 24

Appositional growth - increased size in carpal/tarsal bones, mandible and nose cartilage.

Question 25

Deficit of ______ growth hormone in children leads to ______.

Answer 25

Pituitary

Dwarfism