Exam 3 - Acid Base Balance

Question 1

what is an acid

Answer 1

substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in fluid and increase amount of free H

Question 2

what is a base

Answer 2

binds free hydrogen ions in solution and lowers amount of free H

Question 3

what is a buffer

Answer 3

tries to keep pH at normal levels - can bind hydrogen or release

Question 4

what is the most common base in the human body

Answer 4

HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Question 5

what is the most common acid in the human body

Answer 5

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Question 6

what is the ratio of H2CO3 and HCO3 in the human body

Answer 6

1 H2CO3 : 20 HCO3

Question 7

what does carbohydrate make as a waste product in normal metabolism

Answer 7

carbon dioxide

Question 8

what does protein make as a waste product in normal metabolism

Answer 8

sulfuric acid

Question 9

what does fat make as a waste product in normal metabolism

Answer 9

ketoacids

Question 10

what are the two buffers? and where are they active?

Answer 10

phosphate (ICF) and bicarb (both ECF and ICF)

Question 11

what are the two types of ECF protein buffers?

Answer 11

albumin and globulins

Question 12

what is the ICF protein buffers?

Answer 12

hemoglobin

Question 13

what are the kidneys defense for regulation

Answer 13

form ammonium, form acids or movement of bicarbonate

Question 14

what happens in acidosis

Answer 14

excess amount of hydrogen ions (pH below 7.35)

Question 15

what is actual acidosis

Answer 15

overproduction(release of H) or under elimination of acids (retention of H)

Question 16

what is relative acidosis

Answer 16

amount of acids do not increase, amount of strength of bases decrease

Question 17

where do the first manifestations occur for acidosis?

Answer 17

musculoskeletal, cardiac, respiratory, and central nervous system

Question 18

what happens when there is a
overproduction of hydrogen ions
under elimination of hydrogen ions
underproduction of bicarbonate ions
and over elimination of bicarbonate ions?

Answer 18

metabolic acidosis

Question 19

how does overproduction of hydrogen ions cause metabolic acidosis

Answer 19

excessive breakdown of fatty acids
anaerobic glucose breakdown (lactic acidosis)
excessive intake of acids

Question 20

how is respiratory acidosis caused?

Answer 20

retention of co2

Question 21

what are the four conditions that may cause respiratory acidosis?

Answer 21

respiratory depression
inadequate chest expansion
airway obstruction
reduced alveolar-capillary diffusion

Question 22

interventions of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 22

drugs and fluid

Question 23

interventions of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 23

drug therapy (bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, mucolytics)
oxygen therapy
ventilation therapy
preventing complications

Question 24

what is alkalosis

Answer 24

a decrease in hydrogen ions

Question 25

what are the problems most caused by alkalosis?

Answer 25

neuromuscular, cardiac, nervous

Question 26

what causes metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 26

excessive intake of carbonates, acetates and citrates | disease process and medical therapy

Question 27

what causes resiratory alkalosis?

Answer 27

excessive loss of co2

Question 28

what are the numbers for the pH of pCO2

Answer 28

35 below is alkalotic | 45 and above is acidotic

Question 29

what are the numbers for the pH of HCO3

Answer 29

22 and below is acidotic | 26 and above is alkalotic

Question 30

what is the mnemonic for metabolic and respiratory?

Answer 30

Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal

Question 31

How do you determine the origin of the imbalance?

Answer 31

which one matches the same acid base status as the pH

Question 32

how do you determine compensation?

Answer 32

present if opposite direction | absent if one component abnormal and other normal

Question 33

what is partial compensation?

Answer 33

when pH remains outside the normal range

Question 34

respiratory acidosis is also known as

Answer 34

hypoventilation

Question 35

respiratory alkalosis is also known as

Answer 35

hyperventilation

Question 36

``` tachycardia dysrhythmias anxiety irritability confusion coma ```

Answer 36

respiratory acidosis

Question 37

``` tachypnea palpitations chest pain dysrhythmias anxiety tetany convulsions tingling/numbness ```

Answer 37

respiratory alkalosis

Question 38

``` bradycardia tachypnea hypotension dysrhythmias fatigue weakness lethargy confusion anorexia nausea vomiting diarrhea ```

Answer 38

metabolic acidosis

Question 39

``` tachycardia hypotension dysrhytmnias numbness tingling tetany muscle weakness hyporeflexia confusion convulsions polyuria polydipsia ```

Answer 39

metabolic alkalosis

Question 40

what is metabolic alkalosis

Answer 40

excessive loss of metabolic acids | bicarb increases

Question 41

how does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic alkalosis

Answer 41

slow shallow breaths co2 retained paCO2 increase

Question 42

what is metabolic acidosis

Answer 42

bicarbonate loss - too much H+ produced

Question 43

what is respiratory alkalosis

Answer 43

carbonic levels fall and pH rises | more than normal co2 is exhaled

Question 44

how does the respiratory alkalosis get compensated

Answer 44

kidneys excrete bicarbonate or hyperventilation stops

Question 45

what causes respiratory alkalosis

Answer 45

hyperventilation fever aspirin toxication

Question 46

what is respiratory acidosis

Answer 46

carbonic levels increase and pH decreases | co2 retention

Question 47

how does respiratory acidosis get compensated

Answer 47

kidneys retain bicarbonate and eliminate hydrogen

Question 48

what lung diseases causes respiratory acidosis

Answer 48

``` asthma copd penumonia pulmonary edema respiratory muscle wall paralysis ```

Question 49

what CNS depression causes respiratory acidosis

Answer 49

anesthesia narcotic overdose head injury

Question 50

what is the main treatment for respiratory acidosis

Answer 50

increase ventilation to blow off co2!!