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Nursing 120 > Exam 4 - Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Musculoskeletal Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

what is a dislocation?

A

joint surfaces are no longer in tact

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2
Q

what is subluxation?

A

articular cartilages are partially separated

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3
Q

what should you do for treatment of subluxation and dislocation?

A

check for neurovascular compromise
REDUCE
Stop movement
x-ray

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4
Q

what is a strain

A

tearing injury of muscle or tendon from bone

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5
Q

how is a strain start

A

over extension
over stretching
wrenching
twisting

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6
Q

how is a strain treated

A

RICE

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7
Q

what is a sprain?

A

stretching or tearing of ligaments

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8
Q

what is the treatment of sprain

A

RICE

NSAIDs

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9
Q

what are the four causes of fractures

A

stress
fatigue
trauma
pathological

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10
Q

what is a greenstick fracture

A

bone and bendy fracture

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11
Q

what is a spiral fracture

A

a fracture caused by a rotating force

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12
Q

what is a comminuted fracture

A

a fracture that splits into one or more pieces

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13
Q

what is a transverse fracture

A

break across the bone at a right angle to the long axis of the bone

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14
Q

what is a compound fracture

A

where it pierces the skin

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15
Q

what does displaced mean

A

two fractured bones are out of place and not in contact

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16
Q

what does non displaced mean

A

the two fractured parts are broken but may still be in contact

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17
Q

what does closed mean

A

not penetrating the skin

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18
Q

what is a complete fracture

A

the whole bone breaks all the way through

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19
Q

what does incomplete mean

A

bones break but not in two complete separate pieces

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20
Q

what is a compression fracture

A

when a bone breaks because it is being compressed (back)

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21
Q

what is an impaction fracture

A

when a bone breaks and collapses into another bone

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22
Q

what is an oblique fracture

A

basically at an angle??

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23
Q

what is avulsion

A

when a tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of bone

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24
Q

how do you assess a fracture

A 
mechanism of injury
physical exam
history exam
CT xray 
neurovascular exam
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25
what are the 5 P's
``` pain pallor parasthesia paralysis pulse ```
26
emergency care of fracture
immobilize ice cover open fractures
27
``` extensive local trauma severely comminuted space between bone fractures bone loss from injury or surgical excision decreased blood supply inaduqeate immobilization infection smoking medications post menopausal ``` can all do what
inhibit bone healing
28
``` bone fragment contact effective immobilization sufficient blood supply exercise and weight bearing activity nutrition adeuqate hormone levels ``` all can do what
heal a bone correctly
29
what is an open reduction
fixed surgically
30
what is closed reduction
fixed non surgically
31
how is realignment confirmed?
xray | neurovascular assessment
32
nursing considerations for cast care
``` inspect edges elevate window in for cast assessment keep dry no object itching ```
33
internal fixation
rods, pins, plate, screws
34
external fixation
wires placed through the skin and bone fragments and attached to external frame
35
pin site considerations
``` pain swelling redness loosening of pins tenting antibiotics ```
36
what is traction
use of weights rope and pulleys to immobilize and set a fracture
37
what is skin traction
applied to the skin
38
bucks traction
pulls leg straight out
39
bryants traction
pulls legs up in the air
40
compartment syndrome
dangerous increase in pressure in muscle compartment
41
steps of bone healing
1. hematoma forms 2. hematoma to granulation tissue 3. callus forms 4. osteoblatic proliferation 5. bone remodel 6. bone healing
42
where do compartment syndrome usually happen?
tibia fractures | forearm
43
why does compartment syndrome cause pain?
increase in edema takes a toll on the nerve endings
44
post op care for bone fracture
toradol for inflammation and pain | watch for infection
45
fat globules are released from yellow marrow into the blood stream and clog small blood vessels that supply vital organs, usually lungs, and impair organ perfusion
fat embolism syndrome
46
what fractures develop a fat embolism syndrome?
bones with a lot of marrow | pelvis, sternum, femur
47
signs and symptoms of fat embolism syndrome
low arterial o2 (hypoxemia) dyspnea tachypnea petechia
48
who's at the greatest risk for fat embolism
20 - 40 y/o men 70 - 80 year old hip and pelvis fracture 24-72hr after injury or surgery
49
earliest sign of fat embolism
altered mental status
50
fat embolism treatment
``` bed rest gentle handling oxygen hydration fracture immobilization ```
51
risk factors for DVT
immobilization dehydration damage to veins
52
signs and symptoms of DVT
red hot swollen calf | pain
53
diagnosis of DVT
ultra sound D dimer venography
54
DVT treatment
elevation movement anticoagulation compression socks
55
signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism
tachycardia dyspnea pleuritic chest pain
56
how to diagnose a PE
chest CT D dimer V/Q scan
57
PE treamtent
resp support anticoag analgesics surgery if needed
58
osteomyelitis
infection or inflammation of bone
59
signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis
``` erythema bone pain edema malasise fever ```
60
how is osteomyelitis diagnosed
x ray bone scan lab work biopsy
61
treatment for osteomyelitis
surgery/debridement | antibiotics
62
avascular necrosis
bone that lost blood supply and died
63
delayed union
bone takes long to heal than usual
64
malunion
bone does not heal correctly
65
non union
bone does not heal
66
what drug should not be used on an older adult with a broken hip
meperidine or demerol | cause seizures
67
hip precautions
``` dislocation adduction of hip avoid flexion of hip greater than 90 no crossing leg no rotation of toes transfer on unaffected follow weight bearing activity carefully ```
68
acute indications of amputation
trauma malignancy peripheral arterial
69
chronic indications of amputatiaon
peripheral vascular disease diabetes osteomyleitis
70
peripheral circulation tests
doppler unltrasound ankle-brachial index angiography

Nursing 120 (21 decks)

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