Exam 5 - Cognition and Neuro pt. 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
ataxia
A
loss of full control of body movements
2
Q
clonus
A
like a muscle spasm
3
Q
dysarthria
A
slow and slurred speech that is hard to understand
4
Q
fasciultations
A
small quick muscle contractions
5
Q
hemiparesis
A
right or left side of body
6
Q
hemiplegia
A
paralysis of one side of the body
7
Q
Homonymous hemianopsia
A
eyes only see out of one eye
8
Q
obtundation
A
altered loss of consciousness
9
Q
nuchal rigidity
A
inability to flex head forward
10
Q
dysphonia
A
difficulty speaking
11
Q
ictus
A
sudden attack of stroke or seizure
12
Q
personality IQ judgement attention span moral ethical behaviors long term memory level of consciousness voluntary movement brocas area (motor speech)
A
frontal lobe
13
Q
sensory interpretation including: - size, shape, feel - calculation - R/L discrimination - proprionception and speech including wernicke's fluency speech
A
parietal lobe
14
Q
sensory speech interpretation of sounds taste and smell memory short term seizure focus
A
temporal lobes
15
Q
primary visual cortex
CNS and PNS
A
occipital lobe
16
Q
what does the glasgow coma test include
A
eye opening
verbal response
motor response
17
Q
stupor
A
uncoordinated and can’t form many things
18
Q
semicomatose
A
may be roused by stimuli
19
Q
transient ischemic attack
A
mini stroke
minimal damage
20
Q
progressive stroke
A
clot is getting bigger and may cause stroke or it has dislodged
21
Q
completed stroke
A
clot is huge and does not need to grow to cause stroke
22
Q
what are the two types of strokes
A
ischemia
hemorraghic
23
Q
what is an ischemic attack
A
thrombotic or embolic
24
Q
what is the most common stroke
A
ischemic
25
what is the thrombotic ischemic attack
atherosclerosis
26
what is the embolic ischemic attack
```
MI
CHF
valve disease
Afib
TIA
```
27
what is the hemorrhagic stroke
aneursym
| hypertension
28
leading cause of stroke
CAD
29
signs of ischemic attack
transient hemiparesis
loss of speech
hemisensory loss
30
signs of hemorrhagic
```
headache
vertigo
syncope
paresthesia
transient paralysis
epistaxis
retinal hemorrhages
```
31
fast test
facial drooping
close eyes and hold arms out straight
slurring and cognition
time to act
32
akinesia
loss or impairment of voluntary movement
33
```
akinesia
hyporeflexia
dysphasia
hypo or hypertonia
hemiparesis
hemiplegia
sensory deficit
behavioral changes
incontinence
visiual change
```
all may be found when?
as a stroke manifestation on the neuromotor
34
aphasia
dysarthria
all may be found when?
during a stroke
35
memory and judgement and ability to learn may be found when?
during a stroke
36
agnosia and apraxia and spatial orientation and unilateral neglect may be found when
during a stroke
37
stroke diagnostics
angiography (the best)
CT scan
PET scan
MRI
38
what should we keep the CVA blood pressure when they are recovering
140/90
39
what are the management of the dysphagic pt for the mouth and throat
swallow pudding forecfully
40
what are the management of the dysphagia person for epiglottis
taking deep breath with mouth closed and hold it
41
how to strengthen the tongue
push tongue depressor down and push tongue up
42
what is brocas aphasia
expressive aphasia
43
what is wernickes aphasia
receptive aphasia
44
what can brocas aphasia do?
can't get words out! but can understand
45
what can wernicke's aphasia do?
form words but they don't make sense
46
medications for CVA
```
thrombolytic therapy
anticonvulsant
antihypertensive
steroids
stool softeners
analgesic
vasoactive drugs
diuretics
anticoagulants
antiplatelet
blood sugar drugs
minocylcine
botox
```
47
what does 2 seizures mean
epilepsy
48
do febrile seizures count during epilepsy suspcision?
no
49
what is epilepsy or seizure
sudden excessive abnormal electrical discharge of neurons altering brain function
50
what is the period following after a seizure?
postical state
51
what kind of imbalance may lead to a seizue
electrolyes
52
what are the two types of seizures
generalized
| focal
53
what are the types of generalized seizures
tonic clonic and absense
54
what is the tonic clonic seizure
grand mal muscle stiffening and periods of shaking, fall to ground and lose consciousness
55
what is atonic
relaxed muscles
56
what is clonic
periods of shaking
57
what is myoclonic
short jerking or muscle
58
what is tonic
muscle stiffening
59
what is a focal seizure
area where seizure is happening
60
what are the types of focal seizure
simple
complex
secondary generalized
61
what is a simple seizure
small change in sensation and affects small area of brain
62
what is a complex seizure
dazed confused, no answers
63
what is secondary generalized
starts in one part of the brain and then turns on another part of the brain and travels
64
what is an aura when seizures?
things that happen that exacerbates them
65
what may an aura include?
```
nausea
vomitting
indigestion
smell
dreamy
visual light
```
66
what is status ecliptics
serious condition that causes damage and may lead to death
67
what may a status electipus include
```
tachy
hypertension
hyperthermia
hypoglycemia
acidosis
```
68
treatment for status electicups
lorazepam and diazepam
69
tests for seizure and epilepsy
eeg (brain activity)
| CT and MRI (for blood flow)
70
management during seizure
anticonvulsant IM or IV
don't hold down!
suction and o2 as needed
recovery position
71
anticonvulsant management
can be used in combo, do not stop abruptly!
72
what are the types of anticonvulsants?
drugs that potentiate GABA
drugs that suppress sodium influx
drugs that suppress calcium influx
73
what are drugs that potentiate GABA
barbiturates
| benzodiazepines
74
what are drugs that suppress sodium influx
hydantoin (dilantin)
75
what are drugs that suppress calcium influx
succinimides (zarotin)
76
epilepsy outcome management
diet and surgery
77
what kind of diet is important for epileptics
high fat, low carb
78
what is the primary pathophys for parkinson?
idiopathic
79
what is the secondary pathophys for parkinson?
head trauma or drugs
80
what is the believed etiology of parkinson
loss of neurotransmistter dopamine
81
what are the 6 cardinal features of parkinsons
```
tremor at one side at rest
akinesia
bradykinesia
flexed posture of trunk limbs and neck
loss of postural reflexes
freezing movement
```
82
how to diagnose parkinson?
exclusion, rule out other diseases
83
meds for parkinsons
levadopa
84
what should you watch for for levodopa?
wearing off phenomenon
85
what are side effects of levadopa
intensifying narrow angle or psychiatric disturbances long term
86
```
artain
cargentin
arkineton
parsidil
benadryl
```
all are used for what? and what do they do
antihistamines and anticholinergic for parkinsons
reduce excessive cholinergic activity
87
what are cautions for antihistamines and anticholinergic for parkinsons
narrow angle glaucoma
dry mouth
constipation and urinary retention
88
what are dompamine agonists
parlodel
permax
mirapex
89
what do MAOI's do for parkinson?
increase activity of dopamine
90
what do anticholinergic drugs do during parkinsons
decrease muscle rigidity
| and tremors
91
what drug has a narrow thera index for parkinsons pateints
anticholinergic
92
geriatric considerations for anticholinergic meds
reduced renal and liver failure
93
what is the critical adverse effect of anticholinergic meds
tachycardia
94
what is ALS
amytrophic lateral sclerosis
95
ALS etiology
unknown
96
what happens in ALS
decrease in anterior horn cells corticospinal
97
lifespan of ALS
3-5 yr
98
```
fatigue when talking
muscle weakness
fasciculations
spasticity
increased difficulty with chewing, swallowing, choking, excess drooling, slurred speech
difficulty breathing
inappropriate laughing
crying spells
```
all may be a sign of what
ALS
99
diagnostic of ALS
emg
ncs
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
rule out OTHER DISEASES
100
also drug?
riluzole
101
what are other management of ALS
supportive care
| conserving energy
102
major cause of chronic disability in people between ages 20-40
ms
103
etiology of ms
unknown
104
pathyphys of ms
autoimmune
105
what happens during ms
attacks brain and spinal cord white matter
106
what nerves are usually affected by ms
oculomotor and optic
107
does ms affect the pns?
no
108
risk factors of ms
genetics
| living farther from equator
109
types of ms
relapsing remitting
secondary progressive
primary progressive
progressing relapsing
110
steady decline since onset with superimposed attacks are what kind of ms
relapsing remitting
111
initial relapsing remitting ms that suddenly begins to have decline without periods of remission is what kind of ms
secondary progressive
112
steady increase without attacks is what kind of ms
primary progressive
113
unpredictable attacks that may or may not leave permanent deficits followed by periods of remission
progressing relapsing
114
```
Visual changes/loss
Weakness of extremities
Loss of DTR’s
Scanning speech, Ataxia
Dysarthria
Dysphagia
Paresthesia
Dyscoordination /spasticity
Bowel and bladder dysfunction
Fatigue
Emotional labiality
```
are all what
ms manifestations
115
outcome management for ms
prevent or postpone long term disability
116
drugs for acute relapse of ms
iv or oral corticosteroids
117
disease management drugs for ms
interferon
| copaxone
118
symptoms of ms
bladder dysfunction
constipation
trigem neuralgia
dysthesias
