Exam #3 Key Terms

Question 1

when leaves and stems droop because the loss of turgid pressure with water

Answer 1

wilting

Question 2

spaces between the cells that are dead tissues

Answer 2

apoplast

Question 3

where water doesn’t cross the membrane

Answer 3

apoplastic pathway

Question 4

where water crosses the membrane using plasmodesmata

Answer 4

symplastic pathway

Question 5

channels that connect cells

Answer 5

plasmodesmata

Question 6

when water crosses the membrane via diffusion

Answer 6

transmembrane pathway

Question 7

barrier located in the radial walls of each endodermis cell is a belt made of suberin, a waxy material impervious to water and dissolved minerals. semi-permeable and only allows select solutes across.

Answer 7

Casparian strip

Question 8

the process of transporting xylem sap involves the loss of an astonishing amount of water by water vapor leaves and other aerial parts of the plant.

Answer 8

transpiration

Question 9

where water binds to water

Answer 9

cohesion

Question 10

where water bind to other solute as it moves through

Answer 10

adhesion

Question 11

the creation of negative pressure

Answer 11

tension

Question 12

where transpiration provides the pull for the ascent of xylem sap, and the cohesion of water molecules transmits this pull along the entire length of the xylem from shoots to roots

Answer 12

cohesion tension model

Question 13

movement of water and dissolved substances from the roots to the leaves of plants

Answer 13

transpiration stream

Question 14

where water flows in from the root cortex and generates _____, creating a push of the xylem sap

Answer 14

root pressure

Question 15

more water enter the leaves than transpired. This process can be seen in the morning on the tips or edges of some plant leaves

Answer 15

guttation

Question 16

internal biological clock where cycles with intervals of approximately 24 hours

Answer 16

circadian rhythm

Question 17

plants that are adapted to arid environments

Answer 17

xerophyte

Question 18

typical plant photosynthetic pathway that endows plants with remarkable water use efficiency. Through the use of a carbon-concentrating mechanism,

Answer 18

crassulacean acid

Question 19

transport of products of photosynthesis carried out by phloem.

Answer 19

translocation

Question 20

aqueous solution that flows through sieves tubes differs markedly from xylem sap that is transported by tracheid and vessel elements

Answer 20

phloem sap

Question 21

a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar, by photosynthesis or breakdown of starch

Answer 21

source

Question 22

is an organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar

Answer 22

sink

Question 23

percolation of water through soil

Answer 23

leaching

Question 24

plants are grown in mineral solutions instead of soil

Answer 24

hydroponic culture

Question 25

plants need these in tiny quantities (chlorine, iron)

Answer 25

micronutrient

Question 26

plants need these in relatively large amounts (carbon, oxygen)

Answer 26

macronutrient

Question 27

contains rock fragments, and parent material. has water availability and cation exchange

Answer 27

C horizon

Question 28

process in which cations are displaced from soil particles by other cations, particularly H+

Answer 28

cation exchange

Question 29

a series of natural processes by which certain nitrogen-containing substances from the air and soil are made available to living things, are used by them, and are returned to the air and soil

Answer 29

nitrogen cycle

Question 30

where plants start to turn yellow because chloroplast starts to die

Answer 30

Chlorosis

Question 31

remains of dead organisms and other organic matter

Answer 31

humus

Question 32

most fertile of topsoil which provides the most abundant growth

Answer 32

loam

Question 33

mixture of particles derived from rock, living organisms, and decaying organic material

Answer 33

topsoil

Question 34

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

Answer 34

nitrogen fixation

Question 35

where nitrogen compounds in the soil from dead animals and plants are converted into ammonia

Answer 35

ammonification

Question 36

microorganisms that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use for food

Answer 36

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Question 37

layer of soil beneath the topsoil

Answer 37

subsoil

Question 38

top of the soil and is dominated by organic matter

Answer 38

O horizon

Question 39

topsoil below O contains mostly roots

Answer 39

A horizon

Question 40

where subsoil accumulates nutrients, woody roots

Answer 40

B horizon

Question 41

bacteria that convert organic nitrogen in dead organisms to ammonium ions

Answer 41

ammonifying bacteria

Question 42

process in which ammonium is converted to nitrite (NO2-) and then nitrate (NO3-)

Answer 42

nitrification

Question 43

bacteria that convert organic ammonium to nitrate

Answer 43

nitrifying bacteria