Final exam part 1

Question 1

flow of medium

Answer 1

ventilation(beathing in and breathing)

Question 2

flow of blood (or other fluids)

Answer 2

perfusion

Question 3

what type of ventilation do humans have?

Answer 3

negative pressure or called pulmonary ventilation.

Question 4

What muscle is involved in human ventilation

Answer 4

diaphragm
external and internal intercostal muscles

Question 5

where does carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place?

Answer 5

alveoli

Question 6

what are pros and cons of water breathers

Answer 6

respiratory surfaces are wetted by direct exposure to environment and a lot of energy to keep respiratory surfaces ventilated.

Question 7

what are the pros and cons of water breathers?

Answer 7

have high density and viscosity of water
relatively low oxygen content compared to air

Question 8

what are the pros and cons of air breathers?

Answer 8

air is high in oxygen content which allows air breathers to maintain higher metabolic levels than water breathers

Question 9

what are the pros and cons of air breathers?

Answer 9

air has lower density and viscosity than water, allowing air breathers to ventilate respiratory surfaces with relatively little energy.

Question 10

the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions, and where water or air moves in a one-way direction.

Answer 10

countercurrent exchange

Question 11

which organism possesses countercurrent exchange

Answer 11

birds, sharks, bony fish, and some crabs, where

Question 12

which animal group has the most efficient lungs

Answer 12

birds

Question 13

where oxygen is uptaken from environemnt and the discharge of this is carbon dioxide into the environment

Answer 13

gas exchange

Question 14

which animal has the most efficent way of getting oxygen from it’s environment

Answer 14

insects through trachea system

Question 15

iron-containing protein that transport oxygen in the human body.

Answer 15

hemoglobin

Question 16

how does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?

Answer 16

most of the oxygen entering the body binds with it inside of erythrocytes, and one hemoglobin can combine four oxygen molecules.

Question 17

what type of organisms have no circulatory system

Answer 17

sponges, cnidarians, and planaria or flatworms.

Question 18

how do organisms with no circulatory system work

Answer 18

the cilia and flagella help with circulation

Question 19

in most invertebrates where the heart pumps hemolymph into vessels (which empty in body spaces before running to the heart)

Answer 19

open circulatory system

Question 20

are present in some invertebrates and all vertebrates and where blood is confined in blood vessels through the body (does not mix with interstitial fluid also known as lymph).

Answer 20

close circulatory system

Question 21

arthropods and mollusk

Answer 21

open circulatory organism

Question 22

annelids, squids, octopi, mammals, reptiles and amphibians

Answer 22

closed circulatory system

Question 23

1st sound in the heart and is the closing of the AV valves (ventricles contract)

Answer 23

Lub

Question 24

2nd sound in heart and is the closing of lunar valves (ventricles relaxation)

Answer 24

dub

Question 25

erythocytes

Answer 25

red blood cells

Question 26

leukocytes

Answer 26

white blood cells

Question 27

platelets

Answer 27

clotting cells

Question 28

what causes a change in the arteriole diameter

Answer 28

having low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentrations in tissues

Question 29

when blood supply to tissue shows a deficient and causes increase lactic acid from anaerobic metabolism

Answer 29

Ischemia

Question 30

chest pain

Answer 30

angio pectoris

Question 31

what causes ischemia

Answer 31

happens because of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries.

Question 32

how does nitrogen oxide affect arteriole diameter?

Answer 32

when nitrogen oxide is released arterial endothelial cells increase.

Question 33

how is blood returned to body from distal perspective

Answer 33

through pulmonary veins and pulmonary circuit

Question 34

where your heart rate is less than 60( beats slower than normal)

Answer 34

bradycardia

Question 35

is where your heart rate is over 100(beats faster than normal)

Answer 35

tachycardia

Question 36

where contractions of myocardial cells is uncoordinated and pumping ineffectively.

Answer 36

Ventricular fibrilation

Question 37

occurs when node is damafe

Answer 37

Ave node block

Question 38

shick someone to reset a heartbeat back to normal.

Answer 38

defibrillation

Question 39

what is the function of lymphatic system

Answer 39

To transport fluids back to blood and act as the bodies defense and resistance to disease.

Question 40

tissues and organs of the lymphatic system

Answer 40

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils

Question 41

where does carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place in the heart?

Answer 41

systemic and lung capillaries

Question 42

pressure pumping( heart contract

Answer 42

systolic

Question 43

where ventricles are relaxed

Answer 43

dystolic

Question 44

what is a healthty blood pressure

Answer 44

120/80

Question 45

a heart attack

Answer 45

myocardial infarction

Question 46

how do capillaries maximize the exchange of substances between blood and tissue?

Answer 46

constant blood flow through the capillaries maintains a large concentration gradient to allow rapid exchange of molecules with the tissue.

Question 47

what sets the heartbeat

Answer 47

SA node

Question 48

way electrical current goes through a heart

Answer 48

SA Node-Av node-bundle of HS- Purkinje fibers