Exam 3: Skull lecture iv and Eye, Ear, Etc lecture i

Question 1

the veins of the face and scalp generally accompany _, providing _ venous drainage

Answer 1

arteries, superficial venous drainage

Question 2

facial vein: provides _ of face and drains into the _ vein

Answer 2

primary superficial drainage of face, internal jugular vein

Question 3

as with most superficial veins, these veins are subject to many

Answer 3

variations

Question 4

many face and scalp veins drain into the _ or _ vein

Answer 4

external jugular vein or internal jugular vein

Question 5

cranial meninges: t/f: there are 3 membranous, intracranial brain-covering layers

Answer 5

true

Question 6

cranial meninges: what are the 3 membranous, intracranial brain-covering layers

Answer 6

1. a substantial, bilaminar outer layer (dura)

2-3. two continuous, delicate, membranous inner layers

Question 7

functions of the cranial meninges: (3)

Answer 7

1. protect brain
2. form a supporting framework for arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
3. enclose a fluid-filled cavity, the subarachnoid space

Question 8

subarachnoid space: is btwn _ and _

Answer 8

arachnoid and pia mater

Question 9

subarachnoid space: is rqd for

Answer 9

normal brain fcn

Question 10

subarachnoid space: contains _ fluid, _ cells and trabeculae, arteries, and veins

Answer 10

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), trabecular cells

Question 11

the meninges include: (3)

Answer 11

1. dura mater
2. arachnoid
3. pia mater

Question 12

cranial meninges: dura mater (describe)

Answer 12

tough, thick, fibrous layer (most superficial of the 3)

Question 13

cranial meninges: arachnoid (arachnoid mater) (describe)

Answer 13

thin, middle layer

Question 14

cranial meninges: pia mater (describe)

Answer 14

delicate and vasculated; deepest meninx

Question 15

cranial meninges: the pia mater together with the arachnoid forms the

Answer 15

leptomeninx

Question 16

the subarachnoid space is btwn the _ and _ and contains _

Answer 16

btwn arachnoid and pia mater; contains CSF

Question 17

CSF: a _ liquid similar to

Answer 17

clear liquid similar to blood plasma

Question 18

CSF: provides nutrients but has less

Answer 18

protein and different ion concentrations than blood

Question 19

CSF: formed by the _ of the 4 ventricles of the brain

Answer 19

choroid plexuses

Question 20

CSF: a filtrate of plasma leaves the _ enters the ventricles; it then exits the ventricular system and enters the _, where it cushions and nourishes the brain

Answer 20

leaves the choroid plexuses, enters the subarachnoid space

Question 21

CSF: arachnoid granulations are collections of

Answer 21

arachnoid villi

Question 22

CSF: arachnoid granulations are tufted prolongations of the _ that protrude through the _ and into _ and transfer CSF into venous blood

Answer 22

prolongations of the arachnoid that protrude through the meningeal layer of the dura mater and into venous-blood-filled spaces (dural venous sinuses)

Question 23

dura mater: has 2 layers (except around spinal cord):

1. an _ layer formed by _ covering the _ skull surface
2. an _ layer that is continuous at the _ w/ the spinal dura mater that covers the spinal cord

Answer 23

1. an external periosteal layer formed by the periosteum covering the internal skull surface
2. an internal meningeal layer that is continuous at the foramen magnum w/ the spinal dura mater that covers the spinal cord

Question 24

dura mater: the periosteal layer adheres tightly to the _; it is continuous with the _ on the _ surface of the calvaria

Answer 24

tightly to the internal skull surface, continuous w/ periosteum on the external surface of the calvaria

Question 25

dura mater: its 2 layers separate in certain location to form (a of b) _ that penetrate large fissures btwn parts of the brain, incompletely dividing the cranial cavity into smaller compartments that help prevent _

Answer 25

dural folds, prevent brain movement

Question 26

dura mater: dural folds include (3)

Answer 26

1. falx cerebri 2. falx cerebelli 3. tentorium cerebelli

Question 27

dura mater: dural folds: falx cerebri: btwn the _ and _ hemispheres

Answer 27

right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 28

dura mater: dural folds: falx cerebelli: btwn the _ and _ hemispheres

Answer 28

rt and lt cerebellar hemispheres

Question 29

dura mater: dural folds: tentorium cerebelli: btwn _ and _

Answer 29

occipital lobes of cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 30

dura mater: its 2 layers separate in certain locations to form (b of b)

Answer 30

dural venous sinuses

Question 31

dura mater: dural venous sinuses are _-lined spaces btwn the _ and _ layers of the dura

Answer 31

endothelium-lined spaces btwn the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura

Question 32

dura mater: dural venous sinuses: large _ from the surface of the brain empty into these sinuses and most of the blood from the brain ultimately drains through them into the _

Answer 32

veins; into the internal jugular veins

Question 33

dura mater: dural venous sinuses: include the _ and _ sinus, the _ sinus, and the _ sinus

Answer 33

superior and sagittal sinus, the transverse sinus, and the sigmoid sinus

Question 34

orbit: the roof and floor of the orbit are shared w/ the _ and _ respectively, and much of the paper-thin medial wall is common to the _ cells

Answer 34

cranial fossa and the maxillary sinus respectively, ethmoidal cells

Question 35

orbit: the medial wall and floor are thus vulnerable to _

Answer 35

the spread of disease from the paranasal sinuses and to blowout fractures when blunt force is applied to the orbit

Question 36

orbit: the _ and _ at the apex of the orbit are the primary paths by which structures enter and exit the orbits

Answer 36

optic canal and superior orbital fissure

Question 37

lacrimal apparatus: contains what 3 structures

Answer 37

palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva, conjunctival sac

Question 38

lacrimal apparatus: palpebral conjunctiva: a _ that covers the _ surface of the eyelid, which is continuous with the _

Answer 38

a transparent mucous membrane that covers the internal surface of the eyelid, which is continuous with the bulbar conjunctiva

Question 39

lacrimal apparatus: bulbar conjunctiva: the conjunctiva where it is _ onto the eyeball

Answer 39

reflected

Question 40

lacrimal apparatus: conjunctival sac: a special form of _ that enables the eyelids to move over the surface of the eyeball, spreading the _

Answer 40

"bursa"; spreading the moistening and lubricating film of lacrimal fluid w/in the sac

Question 41

lacrimal gland: secretes _ fluid, a physiological saline containing a _ enzyme

Answer 41

lacrimal fluid, containing a bactericidal enzyme

Question 42

although the conjunctival sac opens anteriorly via the _ fissure, lacrimal fluid does not normally cross a lipid barrier created by the secretions of tiny _ glands onto the margins of the fissure

Answer 42

via the palpebral fissure, tiny tarsal glands (w/in the eyelids)

Question 43

eyeball: fibrous layer of the eyeball: (describe)

Answer 43

a supporting, outer, fibrous "skeleton"

Question 44

eyeball: fibrous layer of the eyeball that provides shape via what 2 structures

Answer 44

1. sclera | 2. cornea

Question 45

fibrous layer of the eyeball: sclera (describe); provides point attachment for _ and _ muscles

Answer 45

forms 5/6 of the fibrous layer; tough and opaque; provides point of attachment for extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles

Question 46

fibrous layer of the eyeball: cornea (describe)

Answer 46

anterior 1/6 of fibrous layer; avascular and transparent; the main refractive component of the eyeball (that is, bends light to the greatest degree), focusing an inverted image on the light-sensitive retina

Question 47

vascular layer of the eyeball: the _ layer

Answer 47

middle

Question 48

vascular layer of the eyeball: choroid: dark reddish brown layer btwn _ and _

Answer 48

sclera and retina

Question 49

vascular layer of the eyeball: choroid: lines most of the _; engorged with blood and provides nourishment to the _ of the retina

Answer 49

sclera; nourishment to the rods and cones of the retina

Question 50

vascular layer of the eyeball: choroid: firmly attached to the _ of the retina; is continuous anteriorly with the _

Answer 50

pigment layer of the retina; continuous anteriorly with the ciliary body

Question 51

vascular layer of the eyeball: ciliary body: a ring-like thickening of the vascular layer that is _ as well as vascular and connects choroid with _

Answer 51

muscular; choroid with iris

Question 52

vascular layer of the eyeball: ciliary body: provides attachment for

Answer 52

the lens

Question 53

vascular layer of the eyeball: ciliary body: contains _ muscle that controls the thickness, and thus the focus, of the lens

Answer 53

smooth muscle (the ciliary muscle)

Question 54

vascular layer of the eyeball: ciliary body: contains ciliary processes, which secrete the _ that fills the anterior segment of the eyeball

Answer 54

aqueous humor

Question 55

vascular layer of eyeball: iris: a thin contractile diaphragm w/ a _ for transmitting light

Answer 55

central aperture, the pupil

Question 56

vascular layer of the eyeball: iris: lies on the _ surface of the lens

Answer 56

anterior surface

Question 57

vascular layer of the eyeball: iris: contains 2 smooth muscles for controlling

Answer 57

pupillary size

Question 58

inner layer of the eyeball: the _

Answer 58

retina

Question 59

inner layer of the eyeball: optic portion of retina has 2 layers which are

Answer 59

1. neural layer | 2. pigmented layer

Question 60

inner layer of the eyeball: optic portion of retina: neural layer: is receptive to _

Answer 60

light

Question 61

inner layer of the eyeball: optic portion of retina: pigmented layer: _ layer of cells that reinforces the _ property of the choroid in reducing the scattering of light in the eyeball

Answer 61

single layer of cells, reinforces the light-absorbing property of the choroid

Question 62

inner layer of the eyeball: nonvisual portion of retina: an _ continuation of the pigmented layer and a layer of _ cells

Answer 62

anterior continuation; supporting cells

Question 63

inner layer of the eyeball: nonvisual portion of retina: it extends over the _ and _ of the iris

Answer 63

ciliary body and the posterior surface of the iris

Question 64

compartments of the eyeball: anterior segment of the eyeball: an _, aqueous-humor-filled eyeball space located anterior to the _, suspensory ligaments, and ciliary body

Answer 64

an interior, aqueous-humor-filled eyeball space located anterior to the lens

Question 65

compartments of the eyeball: anterior segment of the eyeball: subdivided by the _ and _ into what 2 chambers

Answer 65

subdivided by the iris and pupil into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber

Question 66

compartments of the eyeball: anterior segment of the eyeball: anterior chamber: btwn _ and _

Answer 66

cornea and iris/pupil

Question 67

compartments of the eyeball: anterior segment of the eyeball: posterior chamber: btwn _ and _

Answer 67

iris/pupil and lens and ciliary body

Question 68

compartments of the eyeball: posterior segment: an _ eyeball space located posterior to the _

Answer 68

internal, lens

Question 69

compartments of the eyeball: posterior segment: filled w/ _ a watery fluid enclosed in the _ a transparent jelly-like substance that transmits light and holds the retina in place

Answer 69

vitreous humor, vitreous body

Question 70

lens: transparent, biconcave structure posterior to _ and anterior to _

Answer 70

posterior to iris and anterior to vitreous humor

Question 71

lens: connected to the ciliary processes by _, which collectively form the _

Answer 71

ciliary fibers, collectively form the suspensory ligament

Question 72

lens: its convexity constantly varies to fine-tune the _

Answer 72

focusing on the retina of near and far away objects

Question 73

eyeball movements: adduction: pupil moves _ as eyeball rotates around an axis (vertical) running from _ to _

Answer 73

moves medially, running from superior to inferior

Question 74

eyeball movements: abduction: pupil moves _ as eyeball rotates around axis (vertical) running from _ to _

Answer 74

moves laterally, running from superior to inferior

Question 75

eyeball movements: elevation: pupil moves _ as eyeball rotates around axis (transverse) running from _ to _

Answer 75

moves superiorly, running from lateral to medial

Question 76

eyeball movements: depression: pupil moves _ as eyeball rotates around axis (transverse) running from _ to _

Answer 76

moves inferiorly, running from lateral to medial

Question 77

eyeball movements: medial and lateral rotation: pupil stays put as eyeball rotates around an axis from _ to _

Answer 77

anterior to posterior