Exam 3 Topic 1 Blood

Question 1

Nutritional Anemia

Answer 1

Not enough iron or Folic acid

Iron is needed for Hb synthesis
Folic is needed for Thymine synthesis

Leads to lower RBC

Question 2

Pernicious Anemia

Answer 2

Intrinsic Factor (IF) in stomach breaks down B12, parietal cells that produce IF are damaged

B12 is needed for thymine development

Autoimmune, ulcers and excessive alcohol can damage parietal cells preventing release of IF

Question 3

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 3

Bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells

Marie Curie died from this

Kills progenitor cells

Question 4

Renal anemia

Answer 4

Decreased production of RBC in the kidneys

Bone marrow is not stimulated to produce RBC

Question 5

Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 5

Increased breakdown of RBC

From infections, malaria, autoimmune, hereditary( sickle cell anemia)

Question 6

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Answer 6

Blood loss, menstruation, child birth

Question 7

Polycythemia

Answer 7

Abnormally high RBC fix?=bleed replace with saline

Primary cause: increased RBC in bone
Secondary: increased Erythropoietin
Relative: decreased plasma volume (dehydration)

Question 8

Plasma

Answer 8

Liquid cell free part of blood WITH COAGULATION CELLS
yellow bc of breakdown of RBC
55% of blood

Has Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen, used to treat Clotting Disorders

Question 9

Serum

Answer 9

Liquid part of blood after coagulation, no Fibrinogen

Serum plasma-fibrinogen

Used for blood typing

Question 10

Pre-Hepatic Jaundice

Answer 10

Before liver-excess hemolysis, overwhelms liver (malaria)

Question 11

Death of a RBC process (heme route)

Answer 11

RBC
hemoglobin
heme
Iron (Fe++) {requires addition of transFerin)

or

unconj Bilirubin {requires addition of Albumin]

Blood
LIver

Question 12

Death of a RBC process ( globin)

Answer 12

RBC
hemoglobin
Amino Acids
Blood
Liver

Question 13

Iron broken down in Marcophages in spleen produces what

Answer 13

unconjugated billirubin

Question 14

What do Hepatocytes in the liver do?

Answer 14

unconjugated billirubin is added to glucaronic acid and becomes conjugated bilirubin

(what makes urine yellow)

Question 15

Hepatic Jaundice

Answer 15

increased conjugated and increased unconjugated billirubin

liver damage leads to compromised uptake and excretion

Question 16

Post Hepatic Jaundice

Answer 16

after liver
bile duct obstruction and increased conjugated billirubin

Question 17

Low ________stimulates the kidneys to produce ________which stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow.

Answer 17

blood O2; erythropoietin
(EPO)

Question 18

Iron required for RBC production is stored in the _____ and transported by _______ in the blood

Answer 18

liver (iron +
apoferritin = ferritin)

Question 19

T/F Free Iron is Toxic

Answer 19

True!

Question 20

RBCs are broken down after _______ days.

______________is the heme group from hemoglobin with the iron removed.

In the liver, unconjugated bilirubin is bound to ___________to make ___________ __________, which moves to the small intestine for excretion.

Answer 20

~ 120 days.

Unconjugated bilirubin

glucaronic acid

conjugated bilirubin (soluble)

Question 21

Jaundice is epithelial yellowing due to ______________

Answer 21

hyperbilirubinema.

Question 22

Vascular Spasm (Step one in Blood Clotting)

Answer 22

localized vasoconstriction triggered by EPINEPHRINE

Question 23

Step two in Blood Clotting

Answer 23

Platelet Aggregation (activation)

have mitochondria and ER but NO NUCLEUS

Question 24

What prevents platelet activation in healthy vessels?

Answer 24

happy cells secrete NO (“no please don’t kill me!) and PGI2 (im just 12!)

also ADPase that stop activation

Question 25

Platelet Activation Steps

Answer 25

1) WIllebrand Factor (vWF) binds collagen and platelets together 2)Binding activates platelets increasing Vasoconstriction 3) platelets stimulate further aggregation by releasing ADP and thromboxane A (positive feedback loop)

Question 26

What is the third step for Blood clotting (hemostasis)

Answer 26

Coagulation Cascade

Question 27

Explain the Steps of the Coagulation Cascade

Answer 27

outside and inside stuff activate Factor X Factor X Activates Thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin mesh and activates Factor XIII Factor XIII crosslinks the fibrin mesh (FORMS THE CLOT)

Question 28

What is Fibrinolysis

Answer 28

"destruction of fibrinogen"

Question 29

how is plasminogen (incorporated into the clot as it forms) turned into plasmin during fibrinolysis?

Answer 29

via tissue plasminogen activatior (t-PA) released very slowly by damaged endothelial cells

Question 30

how is fibrin turned into fibrinogen in fibrinolysis?

Answer 30

via plasmin

Question 31

Von Willebrand disease

Answer 31

hereditary or acquired platelet plug does not form circulating vWF reduced for completely lacking

Question 32

Hemophilia

Answer 32

genetic-can't get clotting factor A: 80%, x-linked no factor VIII B: 20% X-linked, no factor IX C: rare, autsomal, no factor XI

Question 33

Thrombosis

Answer 33

blood clot forms in lower extremities gamer kid syndrome

Question 34

Some examples of Anticoagulants

Answer 34

Warfarin(no vit K), Heparin, (no thrombin, released by mast cell Hirudin, no thrombin Draculin, no factor IX or X