Section 3 (Exam 1)

Question 1

How much water is in the human body?

Answer 1

60 percent

Question 2

what is the conversion btw lbs to kg

Answer 2

divide kg by 2.2

Question 3

How do we measure the concentration of water in the body?

Answer 3

dilution method

feed the subject with labeled water, wait for it to equilibrate, take a sample of body water and measure the concentration

Question 4

ex prob) 200 MBq of 3H20, blood sample ws taken with a concentration of 3 h20/ 4 MBq/L

what is the TBW?

Answer 4

200/4
=50 L

Question 5

ECF compartments and measurements of body water

Answer 5

ECF= 1/3
plasma= 1/3 ECF
Interstital fluid= 4/5 ECF

Question 6

ICF is how much of TBW?

Answer 6

2/3

Question 7

the ICF and ECF rule can be applied to everyone (T/F)

Answer 7

False, it can only be applied to a normal person

Question 8

Passive diffusion includes

Answer 8

small polar molecules CAN PASS THROUGH MEMBRANE

(h20, Urea and ethanol)

Question 9

Hydrophobic molecules can (easily/hardly) enter the cell

Answer 9

easily like steriods

Question 10

What are aquaporins?

Answer 10

family of membrane channels

specifically help diffusion of water but exclude ions

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

makes it quickly, even though it is polar

Question 11

What are the two types of aquaporins?

Answer 11

constitutive-always on

recruitable- move in and out depending on cells needs

Question 12

explain nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 12

a mutation in the AQP2 gene (aquaporin). Subjects are unable to concentrate urine because the aquaporins are adding too much water. (subject is always dehydrated)

AQP2 is supposed to help reabsorb water from urine, but nephrogenic diabetes insipidous mutates AQP2

Question 13

osmosis

Answer 13

passage of water from high to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

Question 14

molarity is

Answer 14

moles of solution
______________
liter of solution

Question 15

osmolarity

Answer 15

measures the number of osmoles of solute particles
____________________________
unit volume of solution

Question 16

molarity measures….

Answer 16

number of moles of solute
___________________
unit volume of solution

Question 17

Convert to Osm
1M glucose

Answer 17

1 Osm

Question 18

Convert to Osm
1M NaCl

Answer 18

2 Osm

Question 19

Convert to Osm
1M MgC12 solution

Answer 19

3 Osm

Question 20

Osmotic pressure

Answer 20

pressure that must be applied to the solution to prevent the net flow of water

remember U tube

Question 21

the HIGHER the osmolarity the ___________ the water concentration

Answer 21

LOWER

Question 22

Tonicity

Answer 22

is the ability of a solution to cause water movement

greater the osmolarity, the more likely to cause water movement

Question 23

If the ECF is hypertonic, what will happen to the cell

Answer 23

water will move out

Question 24

If the ECF is hypotonic, what will happen to the cell

Answer 24

water will move in

Question 25

If the ECF is isotonic, what will happen to the cell

Answer 25

water will do nothing

Question 26

Hypotonic saline is used to treat patients with ___________ ______

Answer 26

Hypertonic ECF (hyper and hypo will balance each other out)

Question 27

Hypertonic saline is used to treat patients with ______ ______

Answer 27

cerebral edema (swelling of the brain), and airways of CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS

Question 28

Vasopressin

Answer 28

peptide hormone (on cell surface, polar) binds to receptor on the cell's surface Brings water in body (aquaporins)

Question 29

Aldosterone

Answer 29

steroid hormone (fatty, non-polar, crosses membrane easily) enters into cell to bind to intracellular receptor usually receptor Isotonically brings in Na+ and H2O

Question 30

high osmolarity (less water) VP neurons ______ VP and retain water at kidney

Answer 30

increase VP

Question 31

low osmolarity (more water) VP neurons _______ VP release and pee out more water

Answer 31

decrease VP

Question 32

high osmolarity (less water) ADH neurons ______ ADH and retain water at kidney

Answer 32

increase ADH

Question 33

low osmolarity (more water) ADH neurons _______ ADH release and pee out more water

Answer 33

decrease ADH

Question 34

Neuronal Diabetes Insipidus _____secretion of VP

Answer 34

decrease

Question 35

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus _______of the kidney to respond normally to VP

Answer 35

inability

Question 36

Aldosterone

Answer 36

steroid receptor released by adrenal cortex up sodium and water follows (isotonic movement) (drew a picture and I have a horrible feeling this will be on the exam {section 3, pg 54})

Question 37

Vasopressin is released by changes in _______

Answer 37

osmolarity

Question 38

Vasopressin impacts _______ at the level of ______

Answer 38

aquaporin kidney

Question 39

Aldosterone is released by the ______ and causes ______ of Na and ______

Answer 39

adrenal gland isotonic movement Na and WATER

Question 40

A person comes in and is very dehydrated (low VP levels). Where is the issues in the body?

Answer 40

not secreting VP, not releasing VP in the adrenal gland

Question 41

Hypotonic=

Answer 41

osmolarity is decreased (specifically ECF) ICF is always increased (water into cells)

Question 42

hypertonic=

Answer 42

osmolarity is increased (specifically ECF) ICF is always decreased (water out of cells)

Question 43

Isotonic dehydration can occur from

Answer 43

diarrhea and vomiting (no water replaced)

Question 44

Hypotonic solution can occur from

Answer 44

only after Isotonic Dehydration. lost liquid and replaced with pure water with NO OSMOLES

Question 45

How can hypertonic dehydration occur?

Answer 45

run a marathon, no H20 replaced fall asleep on a beach

Question 46

how can hypotonic overhydration occur?

Answer 46

over-drink water like on a fad diet increases vasopressin (can occur when someone is on ecstacy) no mOsm

Question 47

how can hypertonic overhydration occur?

Answer 47

ingesting really really salty water.