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Physiology > Topic 3 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Topic 3 (Exam 2) Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Arteries carry blood

A

away

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2
Q

veins carry blood

A

towards the heart

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3
Q

Right heart (pulmonary pump) is what type of blood?

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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4
Q

Left Heart (Systemic pump)

A

oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

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5
Q

do all arteries carry oxygenated blood?

A

no, only systemic arteries

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6
Q

AV Valves

A

between atria and ventricles

Right: tricuspid valve

Left: Biscuspid/MITRAL valve

DOES NEED CONNECTIVE TENDONS

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7
Q

Semilunar valves

A

btw ventricles and arteries

pulomnary valve

aortic valve

DOES NOT NEED CONNECTIVE TENDONS

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8
Q

STENOSIS

A

narrowing of valves

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9
Q

regurgitation

A

leakiness of valves

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10
Q

Cardiac cells are…

A

straited

intercalated disks: anchoring structures

mononucleated

more blood vessels and mitochondria

HIGH DEPENDENCE ON OXYGEN, ALMOST EXCULSIVELY AEROBIC

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11
Q

cardiac muscle cells linked at junctions called

A

intercalated disks

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12
Q

intercalated disks have _________that transfer force like a shock absorber

A

demosomes

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13
Q

cardiac muscle has ____ ______ which allow eletrical signals to pass rapidly

A

gap junctions

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14
Q

myogenic

A

a heart can contract without a connection to the nervous system

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15
Q

about 1% of cardiac cells are _____ ___ ________ cells which initiate AP and establish heartbeat rate (queen bees of the heart)

A

autorythmic or pacemaker cells

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16
Q

T/F pacemaker cells don’t contribute to the force of contraction

A

true

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17
Q

Ap spread through ___ ____

A

conduction fibers to contracticle cells

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18
Q

Pacemaker cells have ___ (stable/unstable) resting membrane protentials

A

unstable

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19
Q

contracticle cells have ____(stable/unstable) resting membrane potentials

A

stable

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20
Q

contracticle cells have _______(long/short) lasting AP

A

long

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21
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

A

sets heart rate

primary pacemaker

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22
Q

Depolarization of the heart spreads through atria via _____ pathway

A

interatrial pathway

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23
Q

Ap spread from the SA to AV node via _____pathways

A

internodal

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24
Q

Bundle of HIS

A

only electrical signal btw atria and ventricle. the atria and ventricles are not connected by gap junctions

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25
Bundle branches
propagate signals to ventricles
26
Purkinje fibers
the bulk of depolarizatio depends on these fiebrs
27
path of electrical conductance in the heart
1) SA 2) Av 3) Bundle of His 4) Bundle branches 5) Purkinje fiber
28
AV nodal delay
ensures atria have ejected blood into the ventricles before ventricles contract
29
Why does the Electrical activity of the heart spread through the heart in the way it does
ventricular contraction starts at the bottom squeezes blood up and out
30
Backup system for damage along the pacemakeer
SA node=primary =70-90 SA damaged? AV node (~50 takes over) AV damaged? Ventricular autorhythmic cells take over (~30-40) each step is SLOWER THAN THE LAST SO THAT IT DOESN'T TAKE OVER
31
T/F APs are carefully generated in the brain and then sent to the heart because of their unstable membrane potential
false, the heart is autorythmic APs generating spontaneously is called a pacemaker potential
32
T/F Pacemaker cells are innervated by either sympathetic or parasympathetic depending on the person
false all hearts are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic at the same time
33
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release ___ ____ which acts mainly on ____ _______ receptors in pacemaker cells
nor-epinephrine B1-adrenergic
34
sympathetic innervation does what the heartq
increases membrane potential, reaching threshold faster
35
parasympathetic innervation does what to the heart
decreases membrane potential taking longer to reach threshold, slowing down the heart
36
In parasympathetic innervation, ACh activates ___ ____ leading to: increase of ____ permeability, so _________the cell decrease of ____ permeability Together this ______ heart rate
muscarinic receptors increase of K+, so hyperpolarizing the cell decreases Ca2+, together this decreases heart rate
37
dominant influence on the ehart is _______
parasympathetic the heart has vagal tones
38
What does the long refractory period in the heart cells do/accomplish?
stops fused tetanus, which is very important to life. Also, heart has the ability to relax before another AP (plateau phase)
39
a decrease in Ca2+ stops ___- ____
cross bridge cycling, ATP removes tropomyosin from myosin heds
40
L-type Ca2+ channels
plateau phase generation provides majority of Ca2+with SR
41
T/F high frequency of AP in skeletal muscle allows tetany and summation, this occurs in cardiac cells as well and is a frequent birth defect that causes infant death
false CARDIAC CELLS CANNOT HAVE TETANY BECAUSE OF THE LONG REFRACTORY PERIOD IN HEART CELLS
42
PQRST complex
sum of electrical activity of the heart
43
the thing with the platauea and end spiky horn is a
electrical activity in a single contractile myocyte
44
P=
atrial depolarization
45
QRS=
ventricular depolarization
46
T=
repolarization of the ventricles
47
PR interval
atrial contraction
48
QT segment
ventricular contraction
49
PR segment=
depolarization of AV node
50
ST segment=
begining of ventricular repolarization; plateau phase of AP
51
QT interval=
plateau phase to repolarization
52
diastole
relaxation
53
systole
contraction
54
first phase of the cardiac cycle=
isovolumetric contraction
55
EDV
end diastolic volume=~140 mls
56
ESV
End systolic volume= ~60mls
57
what is the equation to calculate amount of blood ejected from ventricle during a contraction
SV=EDV-ESV
58
what is stroke volume
amount of blood ejected from ventricle during a contraction
59
Cardiac Output (CO)=
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute CO=HR X SV highly variable
60
Cardiac Reserve
the difference btw resting CO and maximal CO highly variable with fitness level
61
HR is defined by the following characteristics.....
activity of sympathetic neurons levels of circulating epeinephrine-chromaffin-B1&2 activity of parasympathetic neurons PACEMAKER CELLS
62
Stroke Volume is defined by the following characteristics
contractility pre-load afterload CONTRACTILE CELLS
63
How does SNS increase AP of Pacemaker cells?
sympathetic postganglionic fibers release nor-epinephrine mainly on B-1 adrenergic receptors eventually speeds up rate of entry of Na+ and Ca2+ which in turns increases heart rate dramatically
64
Parasympathetic innervation of pacemaker cells ACh activates _____________ leading to increase in _________, so hyperpolarizing the cell (_______ leaving) decreases __________ permeability (_________to reach threshold_) _________ heart rate
ACh activates muscarinic receptors leading to increase in K+ permeability, so hyperpolarizing the cell (K+ leaving) decreases Ca2+ permeability (harder to reach threshold_) decreases heart rate
65
contractility
capacity of muscle to generate force; sympathetic input
66
preload
the degree of myocardial stretch caused by venous return (EDV)
67
afterload
the arterial presure against which the ventricles pump (how much force is needed)
68
Sympathetic nervous system releases________and cause the atria and ventricle to ______ ____ ____ ______ ______ _____ _______binds to_____ ________receptors on myocardium and activates cAMP 2nd messenger system, which activates a protein kinase
Sympathetic nervous system releases NE and cause the atria and ventricle to contract with more force NE (or E) binds to B1-adrenergic receptors on myocardium and activates cAMP 2nd messenger system, which activates a protein kinase
69
Contractility has 4 steps, what are they
1)/2) increase Ca2+ influx from ECF/SR 3) increase myosin ATPase activity increasing crossbride cycling 4)increase speed of Ca2+ re-uptake by phosphrolyating Ca2+ Atpase (increases rate of relaxation)
70
tension is elated to amount of______ ______ More _____means more binding sites free to participate in crossbridge cycling and more force generated. Which sympathetic innervation, ______ ____ ______ increase
tension is elated to amount of corsbridge cycling. More Ca2+ means more binding sites free to participate in crossbridge cycling and more force generated. Which sympathetic innervation, HR and force increase
71
How is SV affected by preload?
central venous pressue (pressure of blood contained in the large veins) as CVP rises more blood flows in to the aria and so venous return increases, thereby increasing preload
72
Venous return is also affected by...
1) skeletal muscle pump- muscles squeeze veins and push blood up towards the heart 2) respiratory pump- increasing volume of thorax during inspiration, decreases pressure in the thorax and facilitates venous return 3) increased pressure on abdominal veins- during inspiration facilitates return (below diaphragm)
73
How does increasing the EDV increase SV?
increases the volume of blood inside heart (increasing EDV) causes heart muscle to stretch causes a MORE FORCEFUL contraction by letting MORE CA2+ into the cell, increasing crossbridge cycling
74
Afterload
force the ventricles must generate to eject blood into arteries
75
Aterial hypertension
reduces the ability of the ventricles to eject blood (creates back pressure)
76
Afterload=
reduced Sv and increased ESV

Physiology (14 decks)

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