Section 5 (Exam 1)

Question 1

Which stages of cellular respiration do red blood cells go through?

Answer 1

only glycolysis

they don’t have mitochondria (the place where the Krebs Cycle happens)

anaerobic environment so no oxygen.

Question 2

Catacylysm does what?

Answer 2

destroys

Question 3

anabolism does what?

Answer 3

builds

Question 4

Glycogen is the _____ form of _____

Answer 4

storage form of glucose

Question 5

Define ATP

Answer 5

primary molecule that stores energy from breakdown of Carbs, Fats and Proteins

ADDS A PHOSPHATE GROUP TO MOLECULES

Question 6

What is the first metabolic pathway?

Answer 6

Glycolysis

Question 7

Glycolysis operates only on ______

Answer 7

carbs

Question 8

the Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation occur in the _______

Answer 8

mitochondria

Question 9

Which metabolic processes need oxygen and which don’t

Answer 9

glycolysis does not need oxygen, but the Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation require oxygen

Question 10

name the twho processes of ATP synthesis

Answer 10

1) Substrate level phosphorylation
-donation of phosphate group from a substrate to ADP (ADP->ATP)

2) Oxidative Phosphorylation
-requires oxygen, coenzymes and ETC (BULK OF ENERGY)

Question 11

______ is an organic molecule that directly participates as one of the as one of the substrates in a reaction

Answer 11

conenzyme

Question 12

Coenzymes are derived from several members of a special class of nutrients known as ______

Answer 12

vitamins

Question 13

Transfer hydrogen from one substrate to another produces what?

Answer 13

large amounts of energy

Question 14

NADH is what vitamin

Answer 14

B3

derived from Niacin

Question 15

FADH

Vitamin?

Derived from?

Answer 15

derived from riboflavin

vitamin b2

Question 16

Carbs are ____ molecules

Answer 16

polar

Question 17

lipids are ______ molecules which includes…..

Answer 17

non-polar

includes triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids and steriods

Question 18

proteins are made up of __ different AA linked by _____ bonds

Answer 18

20

peptide

Question 19

conenzymes play a role in the generation of energy through _____ _____

Answer 19

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

Glycolysis occurs in the __________ and produces

Answer 20

occurs in the cytoplasm

converted to 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 2 ATP

Question 21

Krebs cycle occurs in the ______ and produces

Answer 21

mitochondria
2-> to 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP

Question 22

Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in the _______ and produces

Answer 22

inner mitochondrial membrane and produces

10 NADH and 2 FADH2 converted to 34 ATP

Question 23

Glucose travels down concentration gradient of ECF into the ____ of the ICF

Answer 23

travels in into GLUT transporters

facilitated diffusion

Question 24

hexokinase adds a phosphate group in to the ______ ______ _____

Answer 24

G-6-phosphate

Question 25

how does the cell make sure G-6-P does not leave the cell?

Answer 25

cell phosphorylates

Question 26

T/F energy is used in glycolysis

Answer 26

true

Question 27

what is an example of negative feedback to inhibit?

Answer 27

G6P can negatively feedback to inhibit hexokinase

Question 28

G6P is converted by ______ into F6P

Answer 28

phospho gluco isomer ase CAN WORK IN BOTH DIRECTIONS

Question 29

F6P is converted by _________ into ____ and ____ *bonus* is energy used?

Answer 29

converted by phospho fructo kinase into F1 and 6-P, P energy *is* used enzyme is highly regulated by ATP and citrate

Question 30

what happens to f-1, 6-P, P?

Answer 30

cleaved between the 3&4 carbons to create two 3 carbon molecules

Question 31

What is Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

Answer 31

our molecule of interest eventually everything else will become this overall we will have two of these and will TURN INTO PYRUVATE MOLECULES

Question 32

What is the net gain of Glycolysis?

Answer 32

2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ATP net gain (made 4 but used 2)

Question 33

What is the gain of the Kreb's Cycle?

Answer 33

2 pyruvate converted 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP

Question 34

how much mitochondria are in a typical cell

Answer 34

about 2,000

Question 35

What happens to pyruvate b4 the kreb cycle even begins?

Answer 35

it is transferred into the mitochondria by a pyruvate carrier protein

Question 36

What is the Linking Step?

Answer 36

Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA *and* NADH by pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Question 37

What does the Kreb's cycle give for ONE TURN?

Answer 37

3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP

Question 38

how many turns does the Krebs cycle do from the glycolysis

Answer 38

TWO TURNS BECAUSE 2 PYRUVATE IS CREATED FROM GLYCOLYSIS

Question 39

In the ETC how much does 1 NADH make how much does 1 FADH2 make?

Answer 39

1 NADH=3 ATP 1FADH2=2ATP

Question 40

How much is made after the ETC

Answer 40

10 NADH ---> 30 ATP 2 FADH2 ---> 4 ATP

Question 41

How much ATP is made from ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE?

Answer 41

38 ATP

Question 42

In glycolysis, ATP forms by ___ ____ ______

Answer 42

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 43

What product would not form if phosphoglucoisomerase was inhibited?

Answer 43

F-C-6

Question 44

What are the main steps in lipolysis?

Answer 44

1) breakdown of the glycerol backbone 2) glycerol is phosph- by glycerol kinase to produce glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (enters the glycolysis pathway) 3)Fatty acid tails enter beta oxidation to generate the bulk of the ATP

Question 45

What is lipolysis

Answer 45

breakdown of lipid (breakdown of GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS)

Question 46

lipases definition and function

Answer 46

def) enzymes secreted by the pancreas func) cleaves the glycerol from the fatty acid tails Glycerol backbone is then phosphorylated by glycerol KINASE

Question 47

lipases definition and function

Answer 47

def) enzymes secreted by the pancreas func) cleaves the glycerol from the fatty acid tails Glycerol backbone is then phosphorylated by glycerol KINASE ((REQUIRES ATP))

Question 48

lipolysis requires atp? t/f

Answer 48

true

Question 49

Glycerol backbone once phosphorylated becomes ____ ___ ____

Answer 49

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate thats our target protein (in glycolysis)!

Question 50

Where will most of the bulk energy come from?

Answer 50

cleaving of the fatty acid tail from glycerol

Question 51

Explain Beta oxidation (produces?)

Answer 51

every 2 carbons in the fatty acid tail will do this for each cycle---- 1 NADH 1 FADH2 1 Acetyl CoA (from Krebs Cycle)

Question 52

Proteolysis

Answer 52

breakdown of proteins for energy protease enzymes breakdown the peptide bonds btw AA can enter krebs cycle to generate ATP

Question 53

Glycogen

Answer 53

main storage form of glucose stored in the liver and the skeletal muscle

Question 54

Glycogenesis

Answer 54

process of synthesizing glycogen important to attach g-6-P to glycogen because this creates one molecule instead of many (why? osmolarity would increase and water would rush into the cell and it would burst)

Question 55

high levels of glucose in the blood simulates ____ which then acts on liver cell to help simulate ____ _____ which then increases the amount of glucose storage

Answer 55

a) insulin b) glycogen synthase

Question 56

Glycogenolysis

Answer 56

breaking down glucose pancreas can also help

Question 57

gluconeogenesis

Answer 57

making of glucose that is NOT from stored glycogen most in liver reactions generate PYRUVATE