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Physiology > Respiratory System Topic 3 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Topic 3 Exam 3 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

The Purpose of the Respiratory System?

A

gas exchange
acid-base balance
vocalization
thermoregulation
water balance

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2
Q

The conducting zone is made up of the…..

A

larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, secondary, bronchus,

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3
Q

The Respiratory Zone is made up of the…..

A

Bronchiole and Alveoli

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4
Q

Type I Alveoli Cells

A

thin, fused membrane= gas exchange

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5
Q

Type II Alveoli Cells

A

secrete surfactant, wandering macrophages

(water increases distance O2 has to move ‘pulmonary Edema’) it also increases MAP and blood goes into alveoli making it a heart failure

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6
Q

Plueral Sac

A

fluid sac btw lung and ribs

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7
Q

Visceral pluera

A

attached to the lungs and the parietal pleura is
attached to the interior of the ribs and intercostal muscles, as well
as the top of the diaphragm.

lubricates lung, interplural pressure Pip

prevents friction creates pressure to expand
Plungs-Penvionrment-=collapsed lung

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8
Q

The conducting zone is the low area and high resistance (=little gas exchange) section of the respiratory system from the larynx to the bronchioles. _______ ______ _______ in the conducting zone transport junk up and out of the lungs.

A

Ciliated and goblet cells

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9
Q

What is Boyles Law

A

Volume and Pressure are inversely related

up pressure=down volume

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10
Q

Patm

A

Atmospheric pressure

760 @ sea level
585 @ laramie

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11
Q

Palv

A

Alveolar Pressure

alter according to Boyle’s Law

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12
Q

Pip

A

Intrapleural Pressure

can alter to Boyle’s Law

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13
Q

Transpulmonary=

A

=Palv-Pip

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14
Q

Delta P=0

A

no flow

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15
Q

Delta P> 0

A

flow OUT lungs

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16
Q

Delta P< 0

A

INTO lungs

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17
Q

Inspiration uses what muscles….

A

diaphragm and EXTERNAL intercostals

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18
Q

Expiration uses what muscles….

A

abdominal, INTERNAL intercostals

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19
Q

In Beginning Inspiration…

A

Change in pressure=0

Pip=-4 (always negative relative to Patm)

NO AIRFLOW

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20
Q

In Mid Inspiration

A

Increase Volume in alveoli and plueral Space, Decreased Pressure

Change in pressure= negative

AIRFLOW IN

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21
Q

In End of Inspiration, Beginning of Expiration….

A

change in pressure =0

no flow

maximal tension

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22
Q

In Mid Expiration

A

down volume in Alveoli
up pressure in alveoli

change in pressure= positive

air flow out

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23
Q

What does Pip matter?

A

A negative intrapleural pressure is critical for keeping the lungs
inflated. Puncture of the pleural sac results in lung collapse
(pneumothorax).

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24
Q

if someone where to get mucous in their lungs, with no other change, what would happen to FLOW?

A

it would decrease

delta P=Flow * Resistance
or
Flow= Delta P/ Resistance

If you increase resistance (by adding mucous) and not change anything else, your flow/F will be dramatically decreased

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25
Compliance of the lungs depends on what 2 factors?
material properties of the lung and Surface Tension (main one)
26
Compliance formula
change in volume change in pressure
27
an example of a stiff lung would be...
fibrosis and IRDS (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
28
An example of a 'loose lung'
smoking, easy to take in hard to push out
29
What is surface tension?
water molecules wanting to stick together Surface Tension of fluid in lungs wants to collapse lungs PRIMARY DETERMINANT OF LUNG COMPLIANCE
30
Why don't our lungs collapse"?
1) Intraplueral pressure is negative 2) lung surfactant secreted by Type II cells reduce Surface Tensino
31
IRDS
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome deficiency in lung surfactant, leading cause of death for preterm infants treated with cow surfactant and positive pressure ventilation
32
Compliance is the change in ______ relative to a change in ______ and is a measure of the elasticity of the lungs. Determined by __________, but mainly by ____ ______
volume; pressure matieral properties of the lungs but MAINLY surface tension
33
Lung surfactant is secreted by what type of cells
type II cells minimizes surface tension and increases compliance
34
IRDS is caused by....
a deficiency in production of lung surfactant in pre-term infants
35
VC
Vital Capacity
36
Vt
Tidal Volume
37
IRV
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
38
ERV
expiratory Reserve Volume
39
What is a normal Vt
500 ml
40
FEV1
forced expiratory volume in 1 second great at measuring resistance will change with Asthma
41
FVC
forced vital capacity measure of total lung capacity or total lung volukme
42
asthma
bronchial smooth muscle spasms
43
bronchitis
excessive mucus production
44
Cystic Fibrosis
overproduction of mucous in lungs
45
A lung disease is defined as..
Fev1/FVC * 100% < 80% (which is the normal)
46
Emphysema
increased compliance, (easy to inflate hard to deflate) increased resistance (buildup of mucous) RESTRICTIVE and OBSTRUCTIVE Also known as smokers lung
47
obstructive respiratory disease
ashtma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis increased resistance in airways
48
restrictive respiratory disease
IRDS, asbestosis decreased FVC
49
RR
respiratory rate
50
MV
minute ventilation
51
DSV
dead space volume inhaled air that does not take part in gas exchange
52
AV
alveolar ventilation
53
Spirometry is useful for...
quick measurements disease diagnosis
54
List the order of gas commonality
Nitrogen 78 Oxygen 20.95 Carbon Dioxide 0.037 Trace Gasses Water
55
Dalton's Law
total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its components TOTAL PRESSURE=SUM OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
56
Why doesn't Alveolar P02=160 mmHg?
1)mixing of fresh and stale air 2) Water Vapor Pressure 3) Ptot=Pn+Po+Ph2o (dalton's Law)
57
Henry's law
the concentration of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to its solubility and its partial pressure [gas concentration]=(solubility of gas at room temp)*(Partial pressure of gas in atm)
58
T/F Gases differ in solubility such that, even at the same partial pressure, their concentrations in solution will be the same
false
59
What is decompression sickness?
also called the bends divers get it when they rise to the surface too quickly, you get N2 bubbles in joints and lungs and kills you use a decompression room to fix
60
Why is Henry's Law important?
O2 and CO2 must diffuse btw alveolar air and capillary blood pressure gradients btw the two drive gas exchange basically allows you O2 and CO2 to move through your blood system
61
t/f atm pressure does not change with elevation but fractional composition does
false its the opposite
62
k=
carrying capacity of Hb 1.3 ml O2/g Hb
63
[Hb]
Hb concentration 150 g Hb/L
64
Hbsat
fractional saturation of Hb (DEPENDS on PO2) 98% in alveoli
65
Binding of O2 to Hb is ______ meaning that Hb affinity for O2 increases when there is already an O2 on the molecule due to changes in conformation
COOPERATIVE basically a party bus
66
Shifts in the Oxygen Hemoglobin dissociation curve changes what
the loading and unloading of O2 by Hb
67
up temp=
right shift
68
down temp=
left shift
69
Carbamino Effect
up PCO2= right shift down PCO2= left shift
70
Bohr Effect
down pH= right shift up pH= left shift decreases Hb's affinity for O2
71
2,3-DPG
binds to center of Hb molecule, changing conformation and DECREASING AFFINITY FOR O2 up=right shift down=left shift caused by altitude and anemia
72
Explain Monoxide Poisioning
Hb has a higher affinity for CO2 rather than O2 so when CO2 gets hold of Hb (when you breathe it in), it will not let go and you will suffocate to death, even when you are breathing
73
How much CO2/min does your tissues produce?
200 ml
74
How do you transport CO2 from the tissues to the lungs where it can be expelled?
CO2 dissolved in plasma -29 ml/L CO2 bound to Hb (carbamino Hb) -30 ml/L HCO3 in plasma -450 ml/L
75
What are the steps in CO2 transport?
1) CO2 diffues from tissue to RBC 2) Carbonic Anhydrase inside RBC converts CO2 to HCO3- 3) HCO3 is moved to plasma in exchange for Cl- (chloride shift)
76
What are the steps in Involuntary Control of Respiration?
1) Central/Peripheral Chemorepetors sense a change in CO2 levels in blood 2)Central Pattern Generator 3) Dorsal and Ventral Respiratory Groups (DRP/VRG) 4) Activate Respirtaory Muscles
77
In the lungs, diffusion of CO2 from plasma to ____ drives the process in reverse
alveoli
78
Control of Respiration is only voluntary
false, also involuntary
79
CPG
Central Pattern Generator in Medulla generates regular pattern which controls DRG and VRG neurons which stimulate motor neurons and maintain a normal breathing rhythm.
80
What signals tell the medulla to change ventilation?
Peripheral Chemoreceptors!
81
Peripheral Chemoreceptors are....
in the carotid bodies that respond to changes in PO2, PCO2, and pH are in direct contact with blood Have afferents to the medullary respiratory control regions increased activation=increased ventilation
82
peripheral chemoreceptors respond to very low _____ _____
arterial PO2 only when very low (under 60 mmHg) they are also very sensitive to CO2 & the effect it has on pH BUILDUP OF CO2 CAUSES EXHALATION, (not lack of O2)
83
Central Chemoreceptors respond to
CO2/ [H+] H+ cant cross BBB CO2 crosses BBB and gets converted to bicarbonate and H+ CChemorecptors respond to H+ concentration in medulla
84
In involunatary control, what maintains a regular pattern to maintain a normal breathing rythm?
CPG Central Pattern Generator

Physiology (14 decks)

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