Exam 3 What you should know

Question 1

Involves the gain of electrons

Answer 1

reduction

Question 2

involves the loss of electrons

Answer 2

oxidized

Question 3

Can involve the gain of one or more hydrogen atoms

Answer 3

reduction

Question 4

In cellular proceses, this usually produces energy

Answer 4

oxidized

Question 5

What is the role of ATP in the cell?

Answer 5

a source of chemical energy

Question 6

In metabolism, NAD+/NADH acts as:

Answer 6

an electron carrier

Question 7

Name the reaction that O2 is converted into H2O

Answer 7

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

Why is O2 converted to H2O in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 8

• O2 acts as the final electron acceptor for the low energy electron that have traveled through the electron transport chain.
• In the chemical reaction O2 + 4e + 4H are converted to 2H2O.

Question 9

What reaction is H2O converted to O2

Answer 9

light-independent reactions

Question 10

Why is H2O converted to O2 in light-independent reactions

Answer 10

H2O is stripped of electrons to replace those exited by light. This result in the conversion of 2H2O to O2+4H+

Question 11

when you exhale CO2 what reaction is produces the majority of that CO2

Answer 11

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 12

what produces NADPH and ATP used to convert CO2 to G3P

Answer 12

light-dependent reactions

Question 13

occurs both in respiration and fermentation

Answer 13

glycolysis

Question 14

is sometimes know as carbon fixation

Answer 14

light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

Question 15

result in the reduction of a carbon-containing molecule. (The carbon-containing products are reduced in comparison to the carbon-containing input).

Answer 15

• Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid in fermentation

- light-independent reactions

Question 16

one of the processes that uses a H+ GRADIENT IS USED TO GENERATE ATP

Answer 16

• Oxidative phosphorylation

- light-dependent reactions

Question 17

In respiration, this reaction produces the largest amount of NADH per input glucose

Answer 17

citric acid cycle

Question 18

Involves the direct capturing of energy from light

Answer 18

light-dependent reactions

Question 19

the only reaction that produces ATP in fermentation

Answer 19

glycolysis

Question 20

produces CO2 in respiration

Answer 20

citric acid cycle

Question 21

Write a balanced chemical reaction for the breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) in cellular respiration

Answer 21

C6H12O6+ 6O2 (6+H2O) IS CONVERTED TO 6C02+(6+H2O)

Question 22

Write a balanced chemical reaction for the synthesis of glucose (C6H12O6) in photosynthesis

Answer 22

6CO2 + 6H2O (+6H2O) IS CONVERTED TO C6H12O6+6O2 (+6H2O)

Question 23

Where is the cytoplasm in a picture of mitochondria and what is it the site of

Answer 23

the cytoplasm is the fluid around the mitochondria and is the site of glycolysis

Question 24

Where is the inter membrane space located

Answer 24

between the outer membrane and the mitochondria matrix

Question 25

where is the mitochondria matrix located and it is the site of

Answer 25

in the big space in the middle of the mitochondria and the site of the citric acid cycle

Question 26

where is the outermsmbrane located

Answer 26

it is the line that separates the cytoplasm

Question 27

where is the inner membrane located and it is the site of

Answer 27

the inner membrane is the under the inter membrane and the site of oxidative phosphorylation

Question 28

where is the thylakoid space located

Answer 28

on top of the thylakoid stacks

Question 29

where is the outer membrane of the chloroplast

Answer 29

the first line of the chloroplast

Question 30

where is the inner membrane of the chloroplast

Answer 30

the second line of the chloroplast

Question 31

what is the site of light reaction in the chloroplast

Answer 31

the thylakoid membrane

Question 32

what is the site of the calvin cycle

Answer 32

the stroma

Question 33

where is the stroma located

Answer 33

the bottom little white thing next to a stack of thylakoids

Question 34

Briefly describe metabolism

Answer 34

- it is defined as the total of the chemical reactions of an organism - it arises from the interactions between molecules within an orderly environment of the cell

Question 35

Briefly describe metabolic pathway

Answer 35

- is a series of linked chemical reactions | - it begins with a specific molecule, which is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.

Question 36

Briefly describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways

Answer 36

each step of a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

Question 37

Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term catalyst

Answer 37

An enzyme is a protein that is able to catalyze chemical reactions

Question 38

Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term activation energy

Answer 38

A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy of that reaction

Question 39

Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term substrate

Answer 39

The activation energy is the amount of energy needed to transform the substrate into a transition state

Question 40

Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term active site and enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 40

The substrate is the molecule that the enzyme is acting upon. It binds to a specific region called the active site to form the enzyme-substrate complex

Question 41

Compare oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) as to loss or gain of elections,

Answer 41

- Oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons from a substance - Reduction is the gain of one or more electrons from a substance

Question 42

Compare oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) as to loss or gain of hydrogen, oxygen, and energy

Answer 42

Oxidation reactions -Oxidation can involve the loss of one or more Hydrogen atoms -In cellular process, oxidation of a molecule often uses energy Reduction reactions -Reduction reactions can involve the gainof oneor more Hydrogen atoms -In cellular process, reduction of a molecule often uses energy

Question 43

Write a balanced reaction for oxidative respiration starting with glucose

Answer 43

C6H12O6+6O2(+6H2O)->6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36-38ATP) (6H2O)

Question 44

Briefly describe the role of ATP in the cell

Answer 44

- ATP acts as source of chemical energy for the cell - breaking the bonds between the phosphates in ATP releases energy, which can be transferred to chemical reactions that require engergy - this converts ATP to ADP +Pi (Pi is an inotganic phosphate)

Question 45

Briefly describe the role of NAD+/NADH in the cell?

Answer 45

NAD+/NADH acts as an electron carrier of the cell

Question 46

What is the important difference between NAD+/NADH?

Answer 46

- The oxidized form (lacking electrons) is NAD+, while the reduced form (which has 2 extra electrons) is NADH. - NAD+ can pick up 2 electrons from a molecule, where it is reduced to NADH, and NADH can donate 2 electrons to a molecule, oxidizing it to NAD+.

Question 47

How many molecules of ATP are produced in respiration and in fermentation?

Answer 47

- Respiration: 36 to 38 molecules of ATP | - Fermentation: 2 net molecules of ATP

Question 48

List the function of the palisade mesophyll

Answer 48

- consist of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cell | - is usually on the upper part of the leaf

Question 49

List the function of the spongy mesophyll

Answer 49

- consist of loosely arranged parenchyma cells - is usually on the lower part of the leaf - the loose arrangement of these cells allows for gas exchange