Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes In The Study Of Life

Question 0

The scientific study of life

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Biology

Question 1

The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

list the characteristics of life

Answer 2

• order
• energy processing
• growth and development
• response to the environment
• regulation
• reproduction
• evolutionary adaptation

Question 3

The highly ______ structure that characterizes life. What every living thing must have.

Answer 3

order

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use of chemical energy

Answer 4

energy processing

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inherited information carried by genes controls the pattern of

Answer 5

growth and development

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response to the__________stimulus of

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response to the environment

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adaptations that evolve over generations or changes over generations

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evolutionary adaptations

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response to changes and maintains a constant

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regulation

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organism reproduce their own kind

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reproduction

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definition of life

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we recognize life by what living things do

Question 11

Name the levels of Biological Organization

Answer 11

1. The Biosphere
2. Ecosystems
3. communities
4. populations
5. organisms
6. organs and organ systems
7. tissues
8. cells
9. organelles
10. molecules

Question 12

consist of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists; Most regions of land, most bodies of water, the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers and even sediments far below the ocean floor

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Biosphere

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all living things in a particular area such as deciduous forest, grasslands, deserts, and coral reefs

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ecosystem

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The array of organisms inhabiting a particular place or a biological community is called

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communities

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consist of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area, ex a community

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populations

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what living things are called

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organisms

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a body part that carries out a particular function in the body and is composed of organs

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organ system

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consist of multiple tissues

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organ

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a group of cells together, performing a specific function

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tissues

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life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

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the cell

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functional components that present in cells an ex, is chloroplasts are examples

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organelles

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a chemical structure consisting of of two or more units called atoms an example is Chlorophyll

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molecules

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A powerful strategy in biology, which reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Provides a necessarily incomplete view of life on Earth. An example is Zooming in at ever-finer resolutions

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reductionism

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allows us to see emergent properties at each level that are absent from the proceeding level

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reductionism

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the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases, not unique to life, especially challenging to study

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emergent properties

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the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

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exploring emergent properties more fully, complementing reductionism with systems biology

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can be used to study life at all levels

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system biology

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provides insight into its structure and organization

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function

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gives us clues about what is does and how it works

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analyzing biological structure

Question 30

In life's structural hierarchy, it is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life

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the cell

Question 31

actions of organisms are based on the functioning of

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cells

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is enclosed in a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between it and its surroundings

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cells

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Name the two main forms of cells

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prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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cells of two groups of single-celled microorganisms bacteria and archaea

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prokaryotic

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all other forms of life including plants and animals, are compose of

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eukaryotic cell

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contains a membrane-enclosed organelles

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eukaryotic cell

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organelles, such as DNA-containing nucleus , are found in the cells of all

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eukaryotes

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an organelle found only in eukaryotic cells that carry out photosynthesis

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Chloroplasts

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lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles

Answer 39

prokaryotic

Question 40

structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 41

each time a cell divides the _____ is the first _____ or _____ and each of the two cellular offspring inherits a complete set of _________ identical to the parent cell

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DNA, replicated or copied, chromosomes

Question 42

the units of inheritance

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genes

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encodes the information necessary to build all of the molecules synthesized within a cell, which in turn establish that cell;s identity and function

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genes

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insulin causes excess glucose to be stored in the form of a very large carbohydrate called, reducing blood glucose level to a range that is optimal for bodily functioning.

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glycogen

Question 45

What is science?

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the way of knowing about the world

Question 46

Describe two types of science

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1. descriptive science also know as discovery based science...this describes the natural world 2. Hypothesis-based science is doing the test to know about the natural world

Question 47

What is the process of science?

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The process of science involves 1. observation - observing something in the natural world 2. hypothesis - possible explanation for the observation 3. experiment -testing the hypothesis.

Question 48

Name the parts of an experiment

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independent variable, dependent variable, control and confounding variable

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change in an experiment

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independent variable

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the thing you look at, at the end of an experiment

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dependent variable

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treatment (additional treatment) to make sure that only the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable

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control

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appear to affect the experiment but don't

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confounding variable

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Name ways to communicate the result

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primary literature versus secondary literature and peer review

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people who did the experiment and write about their results in scientific journals

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primary literature

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newspaper, magazine, reviews, and everything else

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secondary literature

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experts review's article before publication

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peer review

Question 57

name the parts of primary

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1. abstract 2. introduction 3. materials and methods 4. results 5. discussion

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short summary of the paper

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abstract

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what is know before and justification for the work in the paper

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introduction

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enough detail to replicate experiments

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materials and methods

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describe actual results of experiments

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results

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broader implications, problems with results areas of further research.

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discussion

Question 63

what is biology

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the scientific study of life

Question 64

what is life

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we know what life is by recognizing what living things do