Unit 2.1 Cell structure and function Flashcards
1
Q
basic unit of life
A
cell
2
Q
smallest unit of a living thing
A
cell
3
Q
made of one cell or many cells
A
living things/ organisms
4
Q
less than one cell
A
not alive
5
Q
one or ore cells
A
alive
6
Q
living things
A
organisms
7
Q
basic building block of all organisms
A
cells
8
Q
The nucleus stores_______in a gel-like substance called
A
chromatic (DNA plus proteins), nucleoplasm
9
Q
a condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs
A
the nucleolus
10
Q
the boundary near the nucleus
A
nuclear envelope
11
Q
the nucleus consist of
A
two phospholipid bilayer: an outer membrane and inner membrane
12
Q
continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
A
the nuclear membrane
13
Q
allows substance to enter and exit the nucleus
A
nuclear pores
14
Q
border - phospholipid bilayer
A
plasma membrane
15
Q
fluid on the inside of the plasma membrane
A
cytoplasm
16
Q
used to store genetic information
A
DNA
17
Q
synthesize proteins
A
ribsomes
18
Q
mobile/tome, smaller, no membrane-bound compartments
A
prokaryotic
19
Q
mansion, larger, membrane-bound compartment, nucleus
A
eukaryotic
20
Q
cells share these four components
A
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes
21
Q
used by bacteria to attach to a host cell
A
fimbriae
22
Q
used for locomotion
A
flagella
23
Q
name the three domain system
A
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
24
Q
domain that prokaryotic is in
A
bacteria and archea
25
domain that eukaroytic is in
eukaryotic
26
lands. green algae, forams, ciliates, diatoms belong in what domain
eukarya
27
suffolobus, thermophilles,halophiles belong in what domain
archaea
28
green nonsulfur bacteria, mitochondrion, spirchetes, clamydia belong in what domain
bacteria
29
Name the number of cells, cell walls, gets energy by, some other thing about Kingdom Protisa
The Kingdom Protista has only one cell, may or may not have cell wall, some get energy from photosynthesis, some break sown organic molecules resp or fermentation and some do both, they have bad grouping based on relationship
30
In a Protistain cell you will find
flagella, nucleus, nucleolus, vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall
31
Name the number of cells, cell walls, gets energy by, some other thing about Kingdom Fungi
single celled such as yeast, multicellular such as molds and mushrooms, cell walls that are made of chitin, gets energy by breaking down organic molecules, and grows in filaments-hyphae and lots of hypae form a mycelium
32
Name the number of cells, cell walls, gets energy by, some other thing about Kingdom Plante
all are multi-cellular, all have cell walls made of cellulose, all get energy by photosynthesis from light
33
In a plant cell what would you find
they are about 5um and have a cell, cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleus, nucleolus
34
Name the number of cells, cell walls, gets energy by, some other thing about Kingdom Animalia
all are multi-cellular, have no cell walls, gets energy by breaking down organic molecules
35
eukaryotic cell structure in animals cells and plant cells
animal cells centrosomes and plant cells have cell walls, central vacuole, chloroplasts
36
name the cell components
nucleus, contents, border
37
chamber where cell stores its DNA
nucleus
38
DNA and packaging proteins and other stuff that involves DNA
contents of the cell
39
nuclear membrane, nuclear lamina, protein matrix
cells border
40
name the parts of the nuclear envelope
double membrane, nuclear pores, nuclear lamina
41
has two phospholipid bilayer
double membrane
42
large protein complexes, allows enter and leave the nucleus
nuclear pore
43
mesh of proteins on the inside of the envelope, gives the nucleus structire
nuclear lamina
44
Some evidence of mesh/network of proteins the nucleus
Nuclear matrix
45
Name the contents chromosome
DNA, number of DNA molecules, packaging, and histones
46
Spools for DNA
Histones
47
Each chromosome is one long piece of double-stranded
DNA
48
Each chromosome is
DNA
49
Genetic information is broke up in different chromosome
Number of DNA molecules
50
Diploid
Two copies of each chromosome ---- number of DNA molecules
51
23 pairs of chromosomes
Packaging
52
The structure has a dark spot and does not have a membrane
The structure of the nucleolus
53
It is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomes assemble
The function of the nucleolus
54
Where ribosomes are made
The nucleolus
55
Composition is made of RNA and Protein
Ribosomes
56
Linked with amino acids to make protein
The function of ribosome
57
What are the subunits of ribosome?
Eurkaryotic - 80s (60S and 40S)
| Prokaryotic - 70s (50S and 30S)
58
Name the two types of ribosome?
Free and bound ribosomes
59
Floats in the cytoplasm and make proteins that float in cytoplasm
Free ribosomes
60
Attached to the nuclear envelope E.R. and make proteins that go somewhere, inserted into membrane, go to some other organelle.
Bound ribosome
61
What is the function of the endomembrane system?
Sorting of proteins into different compartments or outside (modification of proteins) of the cell (not cytoplasmic proteins)
62
What are the components of the endomembrane?
E.R. (Made some modification), Gogli (sorted pure modification) and other compartments outside the cell
63
Giant network of membrane -continuous with nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) general structure
64
Does not have bound ribosomes
The smooth structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
65
Simple lipids made here, detoxification
The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
66
Has bound ribosomes
The structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
67
Where membrane proteins are made and no cytoplasmic proteins are made
The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
68
Sorting and modification center for proteins made in the rough E.R.
The function of the Golgi apparatus
69
Many membrane parts stacked on top of each other
The structure of Gogli apparatus
70
Name two parts of the Golgi apparatus
Cis-face and trans-face
71
Receiving face- receives proteins from the E.R
Cis-face
72
Shipping face -> to other parts of the cell
Trans-face
73
Small membrane-bound compartment
The destination of vesicles
74
Membrane-bound compartment filled with hydrolytic enzymes and with an acidic pH
The structure of lysosome
75
Digest or break down molecules
The function of lysosomes
76
Phagocytosis
Cell eating ( a function of the lysosome)
77
Autophagy
Recycling the function of lysosomes
78
Name the three types of vacuoles
Food vacuole, contractile vacuoles, central vacuole
79
Compartment containing something to be broke n down with lysosomes
Food vacuole
80
Used by freshwater organisms to "bail out" excess water flowing into the cell
Contractile vacuoles
81
Found in plant cells, filled with "cell sap", contains toxins in some types of plants
Central vacuole
82
2 membranes, the outer inter membrane space and the inner jocular mitochondrial matrix, has its own DNA and ribosomes (705)- similar
The structure of the mitochondria
83
Cellular respiration is the function of
The function of mitochondria
84
Has three membranes, outer membrane - I - inter membrane / inner membrane - I stroma (space) /thylakoids space
The structure of the chloroplast
85
The function of chloroplast
The site of photosynthesis
86
The cytoskeleton consist of
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
87
Thickest fibers made of protein called tubulin
Microtubules
88
The thinnest fibers made of a protein called actin
Microfilaments
89
There are several different types of these
Intermediate filaments
90
What are the roles of microtubules
Centrioles/centrosome, movement of vesicles, cilia and flagella, movement of chromosome
91
Always at a 90 degree angle from each other
Centrioles
92
Two centrioles
Centrosome
93
Made of microtubules and all microtubules around the centrosome
Centrioles and centrosome
94
Motor proteins walk along the microtubules and bring vesicles to specific planes
Movement of vesicles
95
Movement caused by microtubules sliding against each other
Cilia and flagella
96
Maintenance of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, and cell division
Main functions of the microfilaments
97
Two structures that intertwined stands actin
Microfilaments and actin filaments
98
What are the roles of microfilaments
Membrane shape, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming, muscle contraction, cytokinesis
99
Holds the membrane in specific shape
Membrane shale role of microfilaments
100
The cell flows toward a region where the microfilaments have depolarized
Amoeboid movement the role of the microfilaments
101
Name the three domains of life and briefly describe the characteristics of the organisms in that domain?
Eukarya: includes all eukaryotic cells (cells that have a nucleus and internal membrane bound compartments)
Archea: includes prokaryotic cells that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Members of the domain Archea are more closely related to members of the domain Eukarya than they do members of domain bacteria
Bacteria: includes prokaryotic that have peptidoglycan in their cells
102
rigid cell covering made of cellulose that protects the cell, provides support, and gives shape to the cell
cell wall
103
large plant cell organelle that regulates the cell's storage compartment, hold water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the sire of macromolecule degradation
central vacuole
104
region in animal cells made two centroles
centrosome
105
Material composed of polysaccharide chains cross - linked to usual peptides
Peptidoglycan
106
Name the six kingdoms of life
1) Kingdom Archeabacteria, 2) Kingdom Eubacteria, 3) Kingdom Protista, 4) Kingdom Fungi, 5) Kingdom Plantae, 6) Kingdom Animalia
107
For each of the six kingdoms name the domain that they are in
1) . Kingdom Archaebacteria --Domain: Archaea
2) . Kingdom eubacteria ---Domain: Eubacteria
3) . Kingdom Protista -- Domain: Eukarya
4) . Kingdom Fungi-- Domain: Eukarya
5) . Kingdom Plantae -- Domain: Eukarya
6) . Kingdom Animalia --Domain: Eukarya
108
For each of the six kingdoms, name the domain, briefly describe the kingdom and give an example of an organism included in kingdom
1) . Kingdom Archaebacteria, domain archaea, includes all members of domain Archaea, an example is methanobacterium or haloquadratum
2) . Kingdom Eubacteria, domain is eubacteria, includes all members of domain bacteria, for example streptococcus, escherichia coli, staphylococcus
3) . Kingdom Protistia, domain Eukarya, includes single-celled eukaryotic cells that don't fit into this category, for example amoeba, paramecium, euglena
4) . Kingdom Fungi, domain Eukarya, includes single-or multi-cellular eukaryotic cells that have cell walls made of chitin, for example yeasT, mold, mushrooms
5) . Kingdom Plantae, domain Eukarya, these are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and are capable of photosynthesis for example, trees, grass, flowering plants
6) . Kingdom Animalia, domain Eukarya, these include eukaryotes that can't get their energy from photosynthesis, for example, sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates
109
Includes all members of domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
110
Includes all members of domain bacteria
Kingdom eubacteria
111
Single-celled eukaryotic cells that don't fit in any other category
Kingdom Protistia
112
Single-or multicellular eukaryotic cells that have cells walls made of chitin
Kingdom Fungi
113
Multi-cellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and are capable of photosynthesis
Kingdom Plantae
114
Multi-cellular that can't get their energy from photosynthesis
Kingdom Animalia
115
Briefly describe the characteristics that differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells: have internal membrane-compartments, have a nucleus, have 80S (large) ribosomes
Prokaryotic cells: have NO internal membrane-bound compartments, have no nucleus, 70S (small) ribosomes.
116
Briefly describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane
A bilayer of phospholipids that also contains proteins and carbohydrates. Serves to separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell.
117
A bilayer of phospholipids that also contains proteins and carbohydrates. Serves to separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell.
The structure and function of the plasma membrane
118
A thick layer of cellulose. Protects the cell
the structure and function of the Cell wall (of plants)
119
Briefly describe the structure and function of the plants cell wall
A thick layer of cellulose. Protects the cell
120
Briefly describe the structure and function of the nucleus
A compartment where the cell's DNA is stored.
121
A compartment where the cell's DNA is stored.
Nucleus
122
Briefly describe the function and structure of the nuclear envelope.
A double lipid membrane that separates the inside of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. There are large pore proteins that allow molecules to pass from the inside of the nucleus to the outside of the nucleus. The outer layer of the envelope is connected to the ER.
123
A double lipid membrane that separates the inside of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. There are large pore proteins that allow molecules to pass from the inside of the nucleus to the outside of the nucleus. The outer layer of the envelope is connected to the ER.
The structure and function of the nuclear envelope
124
Briefly describe the function and structure of chromatin
A structure that consists of molecules of DNA (chromosomes) which is wrapped around proteins (histones). Chromatin can have varying levels of compression.
125
A structure that consists of molecules of DNA (chromosomes) which is wrapped around proteins (histones). Chromatin can have varying levels of compression.
The structure and function of chromatin
126
Briefly describe the function and structure of the nucleolus
A region of the nucleus (not membrane bound) where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
127
A region of the nucleus (not membrane bound) where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
the structure and function of the nucleolus
128
Briefly describe the function and structure of ribosomes free and bound
ribosomes are complexes of protein and ribosomal RNA. They consist of a large and a small subunit, They are responsible for the synthesis of protein from amino acids. Free ribosomes are floating in the cytoplasm and synthesize cytoplasmic proteins. Bound ribosomes are bound to the rough ER and are responsible for synthesizing proteins that are embedded in membranes or are inserted into the lumen of the ER and are destined for transport to other organelles or out of the cell
129
ribosomes are complexes of protein and ribosomal RNA. They consist of a large and a small subunit, They are responsible for the synthesis of protein from amino acids. Free ribosomes are floating in the cytoplasm and synthesize cytoplasmic proteins. Bound ribosomes are bound to the rough ER and are responsible for synthesizing proteins that are embedded in membranes or are inserted into the lumen of the ER and are destined for transport to other organelles or out of the cell
the structure and function of ribosomes free and bound
130
Briefly describe the function and structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
The ER is a large membrane network that stretches throughout the cell. The interior of the ER is called the lumen, the exterior is the cytoplasm. The smooth ER lack bound ribosomes and is responsible for breaking down toxins and synthesizing lipids in some cells
131
The ER is a large membrane network that stretches throughout the cell. The interior of the ER is called the lumen, the exterior is the cytoplasm. The smooth ER lack bound ribosomes and is responsible for breaking down toxins and synthesizing lipids in some cells
The structure and function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
132
Briefly describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
The ER is a large membrane network that stretches throughout the cell. The interior of the ER is called the lumen, the exterior is the cytoplasm. The rough ER has bound ribosomes and is the site where the synthesis of proteins that are embedded in membranes or are inserted into the lumen of the ER and are destined for transport to other organelles or out of the cell occurs.
133
has bound ribosomes and is the site where the synthesis of proteins that are embedded in membranes or are inserted into the lumen
the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
134
are destined for transport to other organelles or out of the cell occurs.
the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
135
lack bound ribosomes and is responsible for breaking down toxins and synthesizing lipids in some cells
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
136
Briefly describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus
a stack of membrane compartments. Has a cis-face and a trans-face. Acts as the shipping and receiving department of the cell. Vesicles are received in the cis-face, their contents sorted in the stacks, and new vesicles are sent out from the trans-face to other compartments, or out of, the cell
137
Has a cis-face and a trans-face
Golgi apparatus
138
Acts as the shipping and receiving department of the cell
Golgi apparatus
139
. Vesicles are received in the cis-face, their contents sorted in the stacks, and new vesicles are sent out from the trans-face to other compartments, or out of, the cell
Golgi apparatus
140
a stack of membrane compartments. Has a cis-face and a trans-face. Acts as the shipping and receiving department of the cell. Vesicles are received in the cis-face, their contents sorted in the stacks, and new vesicles are sent out from the trans-face to other compartments, or out of, the cell
the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus
141
Vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes and an acidic pH. Merge with food vacuoles to digest them or with other vacuoles to recycle cell components (autophagy).
lysosomes
142
Briefly describe lysosomes and their structure and function
Vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes and an acidic pH. Merge with food vacuoles to digest them or with other vacuoles to recycle cell components (autophagy)
143
Membrane bound compartments that have various uses in the cell. Plant cells have a large central vacuole that animal cells lack
vacuoles
144
sorting of proteins into different compartments or outside of the cell, not cytoplasmic proteins, modification of proteins
function of the endomembrane system
145
E.R. (made)/ some modifications
Golgi ( sorted)/ more modification
other compartments outside the cell
components of the endomembrane system
146
Holds the membrane in specific shapes
Membrane shapes
147
The cell flows toward a region where microfilaments have depolymerized
Amoeboid movement
148
Found in plants, circulation in the cytoplasm and organelle around central vacuole
Cytoplasmic streaming
149
Motor protein
Myosin
150
Myosin (motor protein) walking along actin (microfilaments) causes muscle contraction
Muscle contraction
151
In animal cells- ring of sliding microfilaments causes the cleavage furrow to contract
Cytokinesis
152
Composes nuclear lamina, gives nucleus structure
Lamina
