Metabolism update

Question 1

Is defined as the total of the chemical reactions of an organism

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

arises from the interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of the cell

Answer 2

metabolism

Question 3

is a series of linked chemical reactions

Answer 3

metabolic pathways

Question 4

metabolic pathways begin with

Answer 4

a specific molecule, which is altered in a series of defined resulting in a certain product

Question 5

each step of a metabolic pathway is

Answer 5

catalyzed by a specific enzyme

Question 6

a protein that is able to catalyze chemical reactions

Answer 6

enzyme

Question 7

speeds up a chemical retain by lowering activation energy of that reaction

Answer 7

catalyst

Question 8

the amount of energy needed to transform the substrate into a transition state

Answer 8

activation energy

Question 9

the molecule that the enzyme is acting upon

Answer 9

substrate

Question 10

the substrate binds to a

Answer 10

specific region of the enzyme called an active site to form the enzyme-substrate complex

Question 11

the loss of one or more electron from one substance

Answer 11

oxidation

Question 12

the gain of one more electron from by a substance

Answer 12

reduction

Question 13

oxidation can involve the loss of one or more Hydrogen atoms

Answer 13

oxidation reaction

Question 14

in cellular process, oxidation of a molecule often produces energy

Answer 14

oxidation reaction

Question 15

this reaction can involve the gain of one or more Hydrogen atoms

Answer 15

reduction actions

Question 16

in cellular process, _____ of a molecule often uses energy

Answer 16

reduction action

Question 17

write a balanced reaction for oxidative respiration starting with glucose

Answer 17

C6H12O6 + 6O2 (+ 6H2O) -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36-38 ATP) (+ 6H2O)

Question 18

briefly describe the role of ATP in the cell

Answer 18

ATp acts as a source of chemical energy for the cell. Breaking the bonds between the phosphates in ATP releases energy, which can be transferred to chemical reactions that require energy. This converts AtP + Pi (Pi is an inorganic phosphate)

Question 19

Briefly describe the role of NAD+/NADH in the cell. What is the important difference between NAD+ AND NADH?

Answer 19

NAD+/NADH acts as an electron carrier in the cell. The oxidized form (lacking 2 electron) is NAD+ while the reduced form (which has 2 extra electrons) is NADH, and NADH can donate 2 electrons to a molecule, oxidizing it to NAD+.

Question 20

For glycolysis, the Kreb cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, list the molecule(s) that enter and exit each reaction for each glucose that enters glycolysis

Answer 20

glycolysis enters, glucose 2ATP, 4ADP+Pi, and 2 NAD+.

GL

Question 21

For glycolysis, list the molecule(s) that enter and exit each reaction for each glucose that enters glycolysis

Answer 21

• glycolysis enters: glucose, 2ATP, 4ADP+Pi, and 2 NAD+.

- Glycolysis exits: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ADP+PI, 2 ATP, AND 2NADH

Question 22

For the Kreb cycle, list the molecule(s) that enter and exit each reaction for each glucose that enters glycolysis

Answer 22

Citric acid cycle, TCA cycle- numbers in parenthesis are from conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
-enters:
2 Acetyl-CoA (From 2 pyruvate), 2ADP+Pi, 6(+2) NAD+ + H+, 2FAD + 4H+
-Exits:
4 (+2) CO2, 2ATP, 6(+2) NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 23

For oxidative phosphorylation, list the molecule(s) that enter and exit each reaction for each glucose that enters glycolysis

Answer 23

-enters:
10 NADH, 2 FADH, 32-34 ADP + Pi
-exits:
10 NAD+ + 10 H+, 2 FAD+4 H+, 32-34 ATP

Question 24

How many molecules of ATO are produced in respiration and in fermentation?

Answer 24

Respiration: 36 to 38 molecules of ATP
Fermentation: 2 net molecules of ATP

Question 25

palisade mesophyll

Answer 25

- consist of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells - is usually on the upper part of the leaf - located between the upper epidermis and the spongy mesophyll

Question 26

spongy mesophyll

Answer 26

- loosely arrange parenchyma dells - lower part of the leaf - loosely arranged for gas exchange - located between the palisade mesophyll and the lower epidermis

Question 27

Xylem

Answer 27

conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into the shoots -located in the budge of sheath and is the top layer

Question 28

Phloem

Answer 28

- transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed - located in the bundle sheath on the bottom under the Xylem

Question 29

Cuticle

Answer 29

- the outside of a leaf is covered by waxy coating called cuticle - helps prevent water loss - located on the top of the leaf

Question 30

Guard cells

Answer 30

- regulate the opening and closing of the stoma | - located in the in the lower dermis and in the cuticle

Question 31

stomata

Answer 31

- opeing in the surface of the leaf

Question 32

stomata

Answer 32

- opening in the surface of the leaf - located on in the cuticle on the upper dermis - responsible for gas exchange - opening is flamed by two guard cells

Question 33

name the structure within the chloroplast

Answer 33

- the outer membrane - the inter membrane - the inner membrane -the thylakoid space -the thylakoid -the granum -the stroma picture it can you draw it

Question 34

Write a balance reaction for photosynthesis, starting with CO2 and light energy.

Answer 34

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (light) (+ 6H2O) -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (+ 6H2O)

Question 35

Start with photosystem II

Answer 35

1. light 2. primary receptor 3. H2O to 1/2 O2 and 2H+ 4. electron transport chain 5. ATP

Question 36

Start with photosystem II

Answer 36

1. light 2. primary receptor 3. H2O to 1/2 O2 and 2H+ 4. electron transport chain 5. ATP

Question 37

Continue with Photosystem I

Answer 37

6. light 7. electron transport chain 8. excited electrons are passed to NADP+ to make NADPH

Question 38

What is the function of the electron transport chain in the photosystem II and I

Answer 38

a. electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I uses the energy from the electron pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space b. The H+ gradient is used to power ATP synthase, which makes ATP in the stroma

Question 39

What happen to the products of light reaction in photosystems II and I

Answer 39

a. H2O is converted 1/2 O2 and 2 H+ b. NADPH c. ATP

Question 40

Starting with photosystem II what occurs

Answer 40

a. light excites the electron in a chlorophyll molecule b. electrons passes it's energy from chlorophyll molecule to chlorophyll molecule until it reaches the P680 are passed in the reaction center c. the exited electron from P680 are passed to an electron transport chain