Exam 4: 44 & 45: Porcine Anatomy Flashcards
(325 cards)
1
Q
What is the term for a mature domesticated swine, usually weighing more than 120 lbs?
A
-Hog
2
Q
What is an uncastrated male pig more than 6 months old, typically used for breeding?
A
-Boar
3
Q
What is a castrated male pig?
A
-Barrow
4
Q
What is a young female pig that has not yet had a liter?
A
-Gilt
5
Q
What is a female pig that has had a liter?
A
-Sow
6
Q
What is a baby pig from birth to conventional weaning age?
A
-Piglet
7
Q
What are sterile female piglets born as a twin with a male, resulting from exposure to masculinizing hormones during fetal development due to shared blood circulation
-Genetically female but testicles can be present, or ovotestes, which are a combination of ovarian & testicular tissue
A
-Freemartin piglet
8
Q
What is the process of a sow giving birth to piglets?
A
-Farrowing
9
Q
How many genera of pigs are extant today?
A
-6
10
Q
What is the genus of domestic & wild pigs?
A
-Sus
11
Q
In meat production of swine, what is the focus?
A
-Herd health (rather than individual) b/c short life span
12
Q
In swine meat production, when are most pigs slaughtered and breeding stock culled?
A
-Most pigs slaughtered at 5 or 6 months
-Breeding stock culled at young age
13
Q
Why is clinical examination difficult on meat production pigs?
A
-Thick layer of subcutaneous fat
-Hazardous in older animals b/c aggressive nature
14
Q
_____ are frequently inspected for meat production pigs for meat quality (why its important to know where they are)
A
-Lymph nodes
15
Q
T/F: Pigs have a similar anatomy, physiology, and immunology to humans
A
TRUE
16
Q
How can pigs be utilized in research?
A
-Drug & vaccine design
-Dermatology
-Neurotrauma
-Kidney research
-Organ transplantation
17
Q
What is xenotransplantation in regards to pig use?
A
-Genetically modified pigs used for transplants in humans
18
Q
What parts of the pigs are used in xenotransplantation?
A
Mainly:
-Heart/heart valve
-Liver
-Kidney
(Can also use cornea, thymus, skin, bone)
19
Q
How are pigs used as pets?
A
-Pot-bellied pig has become a popular pet
20
Q
What are common health concerns with pet pigs?
A
-Obesity (can lead to joint problems)
-Respiratory issues (pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infections)
-Skin problems (sarcoptic mange, skin tumors, rashes)
21
Q
What is the conformation of the head & neck of pigs
A
-Head & neck together form a cone that blends w/ the trunk at the level of the forelimbs
22
Q
What is the relationship between the pelvic girdle in pigs & the overall dimensions of the hindquarters?
A
-Small pelvic girdle in relation to overall dimensions of hindquarters
23
Q
The tuber ischii in pigs usually remains ____
A
Unfused
24
Q
Why is it important to note that the tuber ischii in pigs usually remains unfused?
A
-Risk of detachment by pull of powerful hamstring muscles
25
What is the bone in dark green?
-Temporal bone
26
What is the bone in sky blue?
-Occipital bone
27
What is the bone in grey?
-Mandible
28
What is the bone in yellow?
-Incisive bone
29
What is the bone in light orange?
-Nasal
30
What is the bone in light burnt orange?
-Maxilla
31
What is the bone in dark orange?
-Lacrimal
32
What is the bone in red?
-Zygomatic
33
What is the very light green bone?
-Frontal
34
What is the lime green bone?
-Parietal
35
What is the dark green bone?
-Temporal
36
What is the bone labeled 1?
-Rostral bone (os rostrale)
37
The rostral bone is the insertion for
-Levator labii superioris m.
38
What is the bone labeled 7?
-Steep frontal region w/ apex at occipital protuberance (7)
39
What is the bone labeled 17?
Large paracondylar processes
40
The paracondylar processes are the origin of
Digastricus m.
41
What is the bone labeled 6?
-Sturdy zygomatic arch
42
The zygomatic arch is the origin of
Levator labii superioris m.
43
What is the orbit like in porcine?
-Relatively small orbit
44
T/F: Pigs have a tapetum lucidum
-FALSO, they lack a tapetum lucidum
45
Are the warthogs "warts" bones?
-NO
-Skin modification comprised of cartilage & fat
46
How many pairs of "warts" do warthogs have & what are they?
3 pairs
-Suborbital
-Preorbital
-Submaxillary (w/ white bristles)
47
Warthog "warts" are more prominent in ____
males
48
What is 6?
-**Conchal sinus**
49
What is 7?
-**Frontal sinus**
50
What is 13?
-**Sphenoid sinus**
51
T/F: It is difficult to euthanize a pig via captive bolt
TRUE!
52
Why is it difficult to euthanize a pig via captive bolt?
-Because you have to pass 2 layers of bone to get to the brain
53
What is number 11?
-Maxillary sinus
54
Numbers 9, 10, and 11 make up what structure?
-Frontal sinus
55
Where is the maxillary sinus located?
-Ventral to the orbit
-Extends into the base of the zygomatic arch
56
Where is the frontal sinus located?
-Entire dorsal surface of skull caudal to the nasal bone
57
T/F: there is significant separation between outer and inner plates of the frontal bone
TRUE
58
Where is the brain located in porcine?
-Lies at a depth of about 5cm below the skin, protected by 2 plates of bone
59
Pigs cannot be **reliably** stunned by ______
Mechanical means (e.g. non-penetrating captive bolt)
60
What are the human euthanasia methods for porcine?
-Carbon dioxide
-Electrocution
-Veterinarian administered anesthetic overdose
-Gunshot
-Captive bolt
61
What is different about pigs versus other domestic animals?
-Pigs are full-mouthed & have the most complete dentition of any domestic animal
62
Porcine teeth are primarily ______, except the canine teeth
brachydont
63
What are 2 unique features of pig teeth?
-Needle teeth in piglets
-Tusks (canine teeth give rise to these)
64
What is the triadan numbering system for porcine?
I 3/3
C 1/1
P 4/4
M 3/3
65
What teeth are piglets deciduous "needle teeth"?
-3rd incisors or canines
66
Why is it common practice to clip piglets needle teeth?
-Can injure the sow, other piglets, and YOU!
67
What is number 1 showing?
-Permanent notch in upper lip opposite tusk
68
What is number 2 showing?
-Hard palate with ridges
69
What is number 4 showing?
-Incisive papilla
70
What is being shown in this picture?
-Clipping of piglet deciduous "needle teeth"
71
What teeth are tusks?
-Curved upper & lower canine teeth
72
What type of teeth are tusks?
-Aradicular hypsodont
-Have an open root apex/lack a root structure
-Continuous growth
-High crown
73
Tusks erupt between ______ months of age
5-7 months of age
74
Tusks are more prominent in _____
males
75
Why are the lower canine tusks more sharp?
-The edges of the lower canines (tusks) are sharpened against the upper canines
76
What is the importance of tusks in regards to vet med?
-Can inflict considerable injury to other animals & humans
77
What is unique about the tusks in male Babirusa?
-The upper canine alveoli are flipped backwards
-If not worn down or broken, they can grow long enough to curve back & potentially pierce the skull!
78
What is shown in this image?
-Tusks!
79
Why is the vertebral column numbers of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in porcine variable?
-Selective breeding to increase the number of thoracic & lumber vertebrae since loins are most valuable part of carcass
80
Porcine vertebrae have a high spine on
C2 & C7
81
T/F: the sacrum in porcine have a spinous process
FALSE!
-Abrupt drop in height at LS junction
82
There is an abrupt drop in height (when talking about the vertebral column) at the ___ junction
LS
83
What is the highest feature in the Lumbosacral space?
-Iliac crest
84
What contributes to the curly tail in porcine?
-Most caudal vertebrae
-Often removed shortly after birth to prevent tail biting, which can lead to infection
85
What are the distinguishing features of porcine limb bones?
Occur more distally
-Well-developed, weight-bearing ulnae & fibulae
-Complete sets of carpal & tarsal bones with no fusion
-4 complete digits, each having proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
86
Which digits in porcine are weight-bearing?
-Digits 3 & 4 are consistently weight-bearing
-Digits 2 & 5 can bear weight based on terrain (often referred to as accessory digits or claws)
87
What is number 1?
-Soft bulb of hoof
88
What is number 3?
-Wall of hoof
89
What is number 2?
-Sole of hoof
90
Porcine hooves can experience:
-Heel cracks
-Overgrowth
-Erosion
91
What is number 4?
-Daw claws (can be torn)
92
What is shown by the arrows in this image?
-**Carpal glands**
93
What type of glands are the carpal glands in porcine?
-Exocrine (scent) glands that secrete chemical signals
94
What are the carpal glands in porcine used for?
-Social interaction
-Territory marking
-Reproductive behavior
-Possibly also used for defense against pathogens due to antimicrobial secretions
95
What are the relative features to remember about the porcine head?
-Nose
-Nasal cavity
-Pharynx
-Salivary Glands
-Lymphatics
96
The rostrum, or snout, is supported by
a **rostral bone** (**os rostrale**)
97
Where is the os rostrale located?
-Lies against the rostral end of the nasal septum
98
The **os rostrale** is the insertion of what muscle?
-Levator labii superioris m.
99
The rostral plate provides what?
-Support & motility for the tip of the muzzle
100
The levator labii superioris m. supports
-Rooting behavior
101
What is shown by 2?
-**Rostral bone (os rostrale)**
102
What is number 1?
-Dorsal turbinate bone
103
What is number 2?
-Ventral turbinate bone
104
What is number 4?
-Choana
105
What is number 5?
-Ethmoturbinates in fundus of nasal cavity
106
What is **atrophic rhinitis** in porcine?
-Contagious respiratory disease of pigs that is highly prevalent throughout the world where modern pig husbandry is practiced
107
What is the clinical manifestation of **atrophic rhinitis**?
-Partial or complete atrophy of one or both turbinate bones in the nose
-Twisting or shortening of the nose
-Nasal discharges, sneezing, nasal hemorrhage
-Retarded growth rate
108
What happens anatomically with **atrophic rhinitis** in porcine?
-Atrophy of nasal conchae
109
What is B showing?
-Atrophy of the nasal concha on a pig treated with an activated dose of pasteurella multocida toxin
110
What is the **pharyngeal diverticulum** in the nasopharynx of pigs?
-Blind pouch dorsal to the entrance of the esophagus
111
What is shown by number 47 (circled in blue and indicated by the blue arrow)?
-**Pharyngeal diverticulum**
112
The **pharyngeal diverticulum** is shorter in _____
Piglets (~1cm) compared to the adult (~3-4 cm)
113
Care must be taken not to injure or insert medications into the ______ when administering oral medication
**Pharyngeal diverticulum**
114
What can happen if the pharyngeal diverticulum is perforated?
-Can result in meds being deposited into tissues of the neck, with damaging effects
115
What is shown by 13?
-**pharyngeal diverticulum** in a 4 week old piglet
116
What is the most relevant salivary gland in porcine?
-**Parotid salivary gland**
117
The parotid veterinary gland is VERY large with ventral pole covering _____
other structures of the neck
118
Why is knowing the location of the parotid salivary glands important in pigs?
-Subcutaneous injections are commonly made at a site caudal to the ear (near parotid salivary gland)
119
What is shown here?
-Parotid salivary gland
120
What is shown by number 1?
-Mandibular lymph nodes
121
What is shown by number 2?
-Mandibular salivary gland
122
What is shown by number 3?
-Parotid gland
123
There are ____ lymphatic centers in the head and neck of pigs
5
124
What are the 5 lymphatic centers in the head and neck of pigs?
-Mandibular
-Parotid
-Retropharyngeal
-Superficial cervical
-Deep cervical
125
What is the most relevant lymphatic centers in the head and neck?
-Mandubular
126
What is shown by number 1?
-Mandibular lymph center
127
What is number 2?
-Parotid lymph center
128
What is number 3?
-Retropharyngeal lymph center
129
What is number 4?
-Superficial cervical lymph center
130
What is number 5?
-Deep cervical lymph center
131
What is number 33?
-Mandibular lymph node
132
What is number 31?
-Accessory mandibular lymph nodes
133
What is indicated by the yellow star?
-Mandibular salivary gland
134
What covers the mandibular & accessory mandibular lymph nodes as well as the mandibular salivary gland?
-Parotid gland
135
What is routinely examined for meat inspection?
-Mandibular & accessory mandibular lymph nodes
136
Where are the mandibular & accessory mandibular lymph nodes located?
-Near caudoventral border of mandible
-Deep to parotid salivary gland
-Rostroventral to mandibular salivary gland
-Ventral to linguofacial vein
137
What is shown by the red arrows?
-Tonsils of the soft palate (covered by mucosa)
138
Why are the tonsils of the soft palate in pigs important to note?
-Major tonsils in the pig
-Site of colonization of important swine & zoonotic bacterial pathogens
-Sometimes collected at necropsy & used for virus isolation
139
What is 1?
-Tonsil of soft palate
140
What is 2?
-Medial palatine raphae
141
What is 3?
-Root of tongue
142
What is 4?
-Epiglottis
143
What is 5?
-Hard palate
144
How do we describe pigs breathing?
-Obligate nasal breathers
145
What is the most important feature of the larynx in pigs?
-Obtuse angle it forms with the trachea
146
What makes it challenging to place a tracheal tube in pigs?
-Obtuse angle the larynx forms with the trachea + the presence of laryngeal ventricles
147
Lobulations in the lungs in pigs are ____ visible
Externally
-Complete separation of lobules by connective tissue
148
What can lead to respiratory disease in porcine (lung structure)?
-The connective tissue that completely separation the lobules thickening due to respiratory infections
149
What are the lobes of the left lung in pigs?
-Cranial lobe, divided
-Caudal lobe
150
What are the lobes of the right lung in pigs?
-Cranial lobe **not divided**
-Middle lobe
-Caudal lobe
-Accessory lobe
151
The cranial lobe of the right lung in pigs are supplied by?
-**Tracheal bronchus**
152
What is indicated by number 1?
-Cranial lobe of the left lung
153
What is indicated by number 2?
-Caudal lobe of the left lung
154
What is indicated by number 3?
-Cranial lobe of the right lung
155
What is indicated by number 4?
-Middle lobe of the right lung
156
What is indicated by number 5?
-Caudal lobe of the right lung
157
What is indicated by number 1?
-Cranial lobe of the left lung
158
What is indicated by number 2?
-Tracheal bronchus
159
What is indicated by number 3?
-Principal bronchus
160
What is indicated by number 4?
-Cranial lobe of the right lung
161
Pigs are _____ (omnivores/herbivores)
Omnivores
162
What type of teeth do pigs have?
-Heterodonts (b/c omnivores)
163
What is the hindgut of the pig designed for?
-Fermentation (not nearly efficient as the horse)
164
What is different in the small intestine of the porcine compared to other species?
-Similar to other species (no differences)
165
T/F: The accessory digestive organs (liver, spleen, pancreas) of porcine are remarkably different anatomically from other species
FALSE! They are not
166
What is the porcine stomach classified as?
-Monogastric
-Composite
167
The porcine stomach is mostly made up of
glandular mucosa, with a small non-glandular region near the cardia
168
What is the most distinguishing feature of the pig stomach?
-**Fundic diverticulum**
169
What is shown by the red arrows?
-**Fundic diverticulum**
170
What are the theories of the purpose of the **fundic diverticulum** in porcine?
-May function as a storage area for food or gas
-Could play a role in gastric motility or mixing of stomach content
171
What is shown by number 8?
-**Torus pyloricus**
172
What species have a **torus pyloricus** that enhances the pyloric sphincter?
-Pigs & cattle
173
Where are the cecum & origin of the ascending colon in the pig?
-To the right of the root of the mesentery (ROM)
174
Where is the transverse colon in the pig?
-Passes from the right to left cranial to the ROM (root of the mesentery)
175
Where is the descending colon in the pig?
-To the left of the ROM
176
What species is this?
-Dog
177
What species is this?
-Pig
178
What species is this?
-Ruminant
179
What species is this?
-Horse
180
Where does the ileum open in the pig?
-Opens at the junction between cecum & ascending colon through an enlarged ideal papilla that is directed toward the cecum
181
What are the similarities between the porcine colon & ruminant colon?
-Shape of cecum, but pig has sacculations
-Spiral colon with centripetal & centrifugal gyri (no proximal & distal loops in the pig, spiral colon is conical (corkscrew) in pig & flattened in the ruminant)
182
What are the similarities in the porcine and equine colon?
-Bands (teniae coli) and sacculations (Haustra)
(limited to cecum & centripetal gyri)
183
What is indicated by number 1?
-Centripetal loop (with haustra)
184
What is indicated by number 2?
-Centrifugal loop
185
How many liver lobes are there in pigs?
-6 distinct loves (same as dog)
186
T/F: there is a papillary process of the caudate lobe in pigs
-FALSE! There is not
187
How can we find the right medial & quadrate lobes of the liver in pigs?
-Use the gallbladder!
188
Where is the falciform ligament?
-Extends between quadrate & left medial lobes of the liver in pigs
189
T/F: There are no remarkable anatomical differences in the spleen & pancreas compared to other species studies
TRUE!
190
How are the kidneys in the porcine?
-Smooth, elongate, somewhat flattened
-Unique symmetrical position, where both kidneys sit at the same level
191
Is the right kidney in pigs in contact with the liver?
-NO
192
What is A?
-Renal pelvis
193
What is the renal pelvis in pigs comprised of?
-Central cavity with 2 recesses (major calices) directed toward the poles
194
What is D?
-Renal papillae
195
What is E?
-Renal pyramids
196
What is C?
-**Minor calices**
197
What is B?
-**Major calices**
198
How many **minor calices** are in the porcine?
~12
199
What do the minor calices do?
-Collect urine from the renal papillae & direct it into the major calices
200
Where are the testes in boars located?
-Located caudodorsally at the perineal region, producing a prominent landmark ventral to the anus
201
Where is the long axis of the testes in boars?
-Oblique, slightly horizontal
202
The tail of the epididymus in boars is located
Dorsally
203
When are male piglets usually castrated?
-At ~2-4 days old (open & closed methods are used)
204
What is number 2?
-Left testis
205
What is number 3?
-Tail of epididymis
206
What is number 4?
-Deferent duct
207
What type of penis do boars have?
-Fibroelastic with sigmoid flexure
208
What is indicated by the blue star?
-Vesicular gland
209
What is indicated by the blue star?
-Prostate gland
210
What is indicated by the blue star?
-Bulbourethral gland
211
What is indicated by number 1 in BLUE?
-Bulbospongiosus m.
212
What is indicated by number 2 in BLUE?
-Ischiocavernosus m.
213
What is indicated by number 3 in BLUE?
-Retractor penis m.
214
What is indicated by number 9?
-Retractor penis m.
215
What is indicated by number 14?
-Bulbospongiosus m.
216
What is indicated by number 17?
-Right & left crura, cut
217
What is indicated by number 4?
-Corpus cavernosum
218
What is indicated by number 6?
-Corpus spongiosum
219
What is the free part of the penis during erection?
-Corkscrew spiral
220
What does extension of the boar penis cause?
-Tension in fibroelastic tissues, resulting in twisting of distal end
221
What does the corkscrew of the boar penis match?
-Matches the patterns of the pads inside the cow cervix
222
What does the locking of the boar penis into the cervical pads of the sow do?
-Creates pressure necessary to induce ejaculation reflex in the boar
223
What is indicated by number 1?
-Tunica albuginea
224
What is indicated by number 4?
-Corpus cavernosum
225
What is indicated by number 7?
-Urethral groove
226
What is indicated by number 9?
-External urethral orifice
227
What is indicated by number 10?
-Thin glans penis
228
What prepuce feature is unique to boars?
-**Prepucial diverticulum**
229
What is the **prepucial diverticulum**?
-Pouch containing foul-smelling fluid consisting of cell debris soaked in urine
-Empties prior to copulation
-Fluid contains a pheromone that encourages sow to assume the stance
230
What is indicated by number 5?
-**Prepucial diverticulum**
231
What can resemble an umbilical hernia in the boar if excessively full?
-**Prepucial diverticulum**
232
How can we drain the prepucial diverticulum?
-Can be opened & drained via dorsolateral approach
233
What is sometimes removed in boars used for AI to reduce the contamination of semen?
-**Prepucial diverticulum**
234
What can become occasionally trapped in the prepucial diverticulum of boars?
-Tip of the penis (but easily removed)
235
___ is absent in boars
Ampulla
236
Boars have very large ____ ____ glands
-Vesicular & bulbourethral glands
237
The size of the vesicle & bulbourethral glands in boars is related to
-The large volume of ejaculate (at least 200 mL)
238
What can be rectally palpated in the boar?
-Caudal ends of bulbourethral glands
(Important way to be able to tell if a boar was fully castrated)
239
What happens to sex glands in the barrow (castrated male pig)?
-They atrophy
240
What is diagnostic of a pig being castrated?
-Being able to rectally palpate the urethra between the accessory sex glands
241
What might be indicated if significant bulbourethral glands are palpated in the barrow?
-They were not completely castrated
242
Where are the ovaries in sows located?
-Ventrolateral to the pelvic inlet
243
What is different about the ovaries in sows?
-They have prominent folicles on them
244
What is indicated by number 1?
-Descending colon
245
What is indicated by number 2?
-Ovary
246
What is indicated by number 3?
-Uterine horns
247
What is indicated by number 4?
-Broad ligament
248
What is indicated by number 5?
-Bladder
249
What is indicated by number 5'?
-Urethra
250
What is indicated by number 6?
-Suburethral diverticulum
251
What is indicated by number 7?
-Vulva
252
What is indicated by number 8?
-Rectum
253
What is indicated by number 9?
-Cervix
254
Describe the basic components of the sow reproductive anatomy
-Birornuate with one cervix, a body, and two uterine horns
255
What are the characteristics of the porcine cervix?
-Long cervix with interdigitating mucosal prominences (**cervical pads**)
256
What are the characteristics of the sow uterus?
-Short body, long uterine horns
257
What is important about the uterine horns on the sow?
-Intestiform horns potentially mistaken for jejunal loops (means they can look like intestines)
258
What is indicated by number 1?
-Left ovary
259
What is indicated by number 2?
-Ovarian bursa
260
What is indicated by number 3?
-Mesosalpinx
261
What is indicated by number 4?
-Uterine tube
262
What is indicated by number 5?
-Uterine horn
263
What is indicated by number 6?
-Broad ligament
264
What is indicated by number 8?
-Body of the uterus
265
What is indicated by number 9?
-Cervix
266
What is indicated by number 10?
-External uterine orifice
267
What is indicated by number 11?
-Mucosal prominences
268
What is indicated by number 12?
-Bladder
269
What is indicated by number 13?
-Vagina
270
What is indicated by number 14?
-External urethral orifice
271
What is indicated by number 15?
-Vestibule
272
What is indicated by number 16?
-Vulva
273
What is indicated by number 17?
-Glans of clitoris
274
There is a small ______ in sows associated with the opening of the urethra into the vestibule
**suburethral diverticulum**
275
What can the small **suburethral diverticulum** in sows interfere with?
-May interfere with catheterization of the bladder
276
Porcine copulation can last up to ______
30 minutes
277
Why is it important to know that porcine copulation can last up to 30 minutes?
-Weight of the boar can cause undue stress to female hindquarters
-Potential for separation of the (unfused) tuber ischii, especially in young females - very painful!
278
The single longitudinal twist of the shaft increases to _____
6 turns
279
The corkscrew shape of the porcine penis matches
patterns of the cervical pads
280
During copulation what part of the boar penis becomes more pronounced?
-The corkscrew spiral free part
281
What is shown in this image?
-Spiraling of the free part of the porcine penis in full erection
282
How is the vulva supposed to be positioned in the sow?
-Slopes so that it faces obliquely upward
283
What can happen to make the vulva inaccessible to the boar?
-The vulva being so upturned
284
What is important to note about doing AI in a sow?
-You have to make sure you are in the cervix
-The vestibule & vagina are long
285
How can we confirm pregnancy in the sow?
-Ultrasound
-Auscultation
-Rectal palpation
286
How can pregnancy be confirmed after 24 days of breeding?
-By vibration (fremitus) in the uterine a. (rectal palpation or auscultation)
287
What is the uterine blood supply in the sow?
-Same as in the ruminant
-Internal iliac a. -> umbilical a. -> uterine a.
288
Collateral circulation to the uterus is supplied by
-The uterine branch of the ovarian a.
289
What is the gestation of the sow?
-114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
290
Sows have ____ pair of mammae
7
291
Each mammae in the sow is affiliated with
two lactiferous gland systems (like the horse)
-So each teat has 2 openings
292
How many piglets are there typically per litter?
8-12
293
What lymphatic center is shown by number 1?
-Parotid
294
What lymphatic center is shown by number 2?
-Mandibular
295
What lymphatic center is shown by number 3?
-Dorsal cervical
296
What lymphatic center is shown by number 4?
-Ventral cervical
297
What lymphatic center is shown by number 5?
-Subiliac
298
What lymphatic center is shown by number 6?
-Inguinal
299
What lymphatic center is shown by number 7?
-Popliteal
300
Lymph nodes in the pigs are
-Lobulated (b/c they are derived from the fusion of multiple "nodular units")
301
What are the lymph nodes that are commonly examined during meat inspection?
-Head: Mandibular
-Thorax: Tracheobronchial, bronchial (in the lungs), dorsal & ventral thoracic lymph centers
-Abdomen: Mesenteric (colic & jejunal)
-Pelvis: Medial iliac
-Other: Superficial inguinal
302
What is indicated by number 1?
-Aorta
303
What is indicated by number 2?
-**Ovarian a. with cranial uterine branch**
304
What is indicated by number 5?
-**Umbilical a.**
305
What is indicated by number 6?
-**Left uterine a. crossing medial surface of external iliac a.**
306
What is important to know about the dorsal thoracic lymph center?
-There are a variable number of small aortic nodes that receive lymph from the dorsal part of the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the mediastinal nodes
307
What is important to know about the ventral thoracic lymph center?
-Sternal nodes concerned with the ventral part of the thoracic walls & first two or three pairs of mammary glands
308
What is indicated by number 1?
-Dorsal thoracic lymph center
309
What is indicated by number 2?
-Ventral thoracic lymph center
310
What is indicated by number 2?
-**Medial iliac nodes**
311
What is indicated by number 6?
-**Superficial inguinal nodes**
312
What is indicated by number 10?
-**Medial iliac nodes**
313
The placenta assumes the role of the fetal
liver & lungs
314
How does the fetal circulation allow blood to by-pass the liver & lungs?
-Ductus venosus (Liver)
-Foramen ovale (heart, interartrial septum)
-Ductus arteriosus (shunt between pulmonary trunk & aorta)
315
The umbilical vein in the fetus:
-Carries oxygenated (& nutrient-rich) blood from placenta
-Enters liver between quadrate & left medial lobes
316
The ductus venosus in the fetus:
-Shunts blood from liver to caudal vena cava, which then goes to right atrium of fetal heart
-Allows oxygenated blood to by-pass liver
-Closes after birth and becomes fibrous (ligamentum venosum)
317
The foramen ovale in the fetus:
-Opening in interatrial septum
-Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium
-Allows blood to by-pass the lungs
-Closes after birth & becomes fossa ovalis
318
The ductus arteriosus in the fetus:
-Shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta
-Allows blood to by-pass the lungs
-Closes after birth and becomes fibrous (ligamentum arteriosum)
319
The umbilical arteries in the fetus:
-Carries deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta
320
The aortic branching pattern in the pig is very similar to the dog, except
-The right coronary artery supplies the subsinuosal interventricular branch
321
___ azygous vein drains directly into the coronary sinus
Left
322
T/F: There is a right azygous v. in pigs
FALSE! No right azygous v. in pigs
323
What is the site for venipuncture in the pig?
Cranial vena cava
-Target near thoracic inlet
-Use manubrium as palpable landmark
-Insert into **right thoracic inlet**, lateral to manubrium
324
What can sometimes be used for venipuncture in the pig?
-**Lateral auricular v.** "ear vein" sometimes used for intravenous injection or for withdrawal of small quantities of blood in adult pigs
325
What is shown by the white arrow?
-**Lateral auricular v.**
