Exam 4: Lecture 51 & 52: Reptile Anatomy (Basics: Snakes & Turtles) Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
What are chelonians?
A
-Includes terrapins, tortoises, & turtles
-Approx. 350 species across 6 continents
2
Q
Are there extant reptiles in Antartica?
A
-No
3
Q
What are squamata?
A
-Includes lizards & snakes
-Approx. 7000 species across 6 continents
4
Q
What is important to note about the osteology of Squamata (snakes)?
A
-Have pelvic remnants (vestigial femur w/in spurs) with bony components of their skeletal system
5
Q
What is indicated by number 1?
A
-Vestigial Femur (attached to pelvis?)
6
Q
What is indicated by number 2?
A
-Femur terminates into a spur
7
Q
What is shown in this image?
A
-Skeletal components of vestigial femur within the pelvic spur
8
Q
What do boas & pythons often possess?
A
-“Spurs”
9
Q
What is the function of “spurs”?
A
-Help align the snake with its make when they are mating
10
Q
What is shown here?
A
-Spurs
11
Q
What is shown here?
A
-Spurs
12
Q
What is the carapace?
A
-Top portion of the chelonian shell
13
Q
What is the bottom portion of the Chelonian shell?
A
-Plastron portion
14
Q
What is the only vertebrae group in which the pectoral girdle is contained inside of the rib cage?
A
-Chelonians
15
Q
What is shown in this image?
A
-Pectoral girdle contained inside the rib cage
16
Q
What is shown here?
A
-Jacobson’s organ
17
Q
What does Jacobson’s organ do?
A
-Critical for detecting scents, odors, & chemical information from the reptile’s environment
-Reptile flicks tongue into & across dorsal aspect of oral cavity to capture chemical signals within the environment
18
Q
What is different about the lungs and liver in snakes?
A
-They are liner (cylindrical in shape)
19
Q
T/F: Snakes have one aortic arch on the right
A
FALSE!!
-Snakes have both a left & right aortic arch
20
Q
Where is the heart located in a snake? (High importance!)
A
-Within the cranial 25-30% of body length (or cranial 1/3 of body length)
21
Q
What is shown here?
A
-Heart
22
Q
What is a vertebrate?
A
-Anything that has a vertebral column
23
Q
Avian & mammals have ____ chambers in their heart
A
4
24
Q
Reptiles & amphibians have ____ chambers in their heart
A
3
25
Different species of fish have ____ chambers in their heart
2
26
What is important to note about avians & mammals having 4 chambers in their heart?
-There is a different pulmonary and systemic flow
27
How does the heart work change when the number of chambers changes?
-Not really! Heart is still a pump in all of them, there's just a different number of chambers its pumping blood through
28
What species does this heart belong to?
-Lizard
29
What species does this heart belong to?
-Snake
30
What species does this heart belong to?
-Crocodile
31
What species does this heart belong to?
-Turtle
32
What is indicated by number 3?
-Right atrium
33
What is indicated by number 4?
-Left atrium
34
What is indicated by number 5?
-Cranial vena cava
35
What is indicated by number 6?
-Pulmonary vein
36
What is indicated by number 11?
-Left aortic arch
37
What is indicated by number 12?
-Systemic trunk
38
What is indicated by number 13?
-Pulmonary trunk
39
What is indicated by number 14?
-Right pulmonary artery
40
What is indicated by number 16?
-Brchiocephalic trunk
41
What is indicated by number 17?
-Right subclavian artery
42
The chelonian heart is a ___ chambered pump
three
43
How is the chelonian heart a 3 chambered pump? (What are those chambers)
-2 atria
-1 ventricle (combined as one)
44
How is the blood flow through the chelonian heart (starting at the right atrium)
-Blood comes in the right atrium, goes to the common ventricle & is mixing w/ the blood from the left atrium that got oxygenated from the lungs (not as efficient)
45
What are the phlebotomy sites in chelonians?
-Jugular vein
-Dorsal vertebral sinus
-Brachial vein
-Dorsal tail vein
46
Which phlebotomy site in the chelonian is associated with the least lymph contamination?
-Jugular vein
-Also the easiest (in Dr. Nader's opinion) to collect
47
What phlebotomy site in chelonians is associated with ease of access, but is associated with lymph contamination?
-Dorsal vertebral sinus blood collection
48
What phlebotomy sites in chelonians are difficult to collect?
-Brachial vein blood collection = moderate difficulty
-Dorsal tail vein blood collection = higher difficulty
49
What phlebotomy site is shown?
-Jugular vein
50
What phlebotomy site is shown?
-Brachial vein
51
What phlebotomy site is shown?
-Dorsal vertebral sinus
52
What phlebotomy site is shown?
-Dorsal tail vein
53
What are the phlebotomy sites in Squamata, specifically snakes?
-Coccygeal "tail" vein
-Cardiac phlebotomy site
-Palatine vein
54
What is another name for the coccygeal "tail" vein?
-Caudoventral tail vein
55
What phlebotomy site in Squamata is associate with high difficulty?
-Palatine vein
56
What phlebotomy site is shown here?
-Coccygeal "tail" vein
57
What phlebotomy site is shown here?
-Palatine vein
58
What phlebotomy site is shown here?
-Cardiac
59
T/F: Reptiles do not have air sacs the way birds do
TRUE!
60
Where are the lungs in reptiles?
-Take up the entire dorsal region of the coelomic cavity
61
Can you use cuffed ET tubes in turtles?
-NO!
62
What is shown here?
-Right lung of a turtle (looks like bubble wrap)
63
What is shown here?
-Inside of the lung
-Red arrows showing faveoli
64
What is indicated by number 1?
-Trachea
65
What is indicated by number 2?
-Bronchi
66
What is indicated by number 3?
-Lungs
67
How many lungs do snakes have?
-Depending on New World or Old World snakes either have 1 or 2 lungs
68
What is indicated by F?
-Vestigial left lung
69
What is indicated by G?
-Right lung
70
What is the direction relationship of number 1 to the turtle?
-Dorsal
71
What is the relationship between point 2 to point 3?
-Point 2 is medial to point 3
-Point 3 is lateral to point 2
72
What is the direction relationship of point 4 to the turtle?
-Cranial
73
What is the direction relationship of point 5 to the turtle?
-Ventral
74
What is the direction relationship of point 6 to the turtle?
-Lateral
75
What is the relationship of point 7 to the turtle?
-Caudal
76
What plane is indicated by number 1?
-Transverse plane
77
What plane is indicated by number 2?
-Sagittal plane
78
What plane is indicated by number 3?
-Frontal plane
79
What plane is indicated by number 4?
-Transverse plane
80
What plane is indicated by number 5?
-Sagittal plane
81
What plane is indicated by number 6?
-Frontal plane
82
What is the minimum number of turtle respiratory radiograph views?
-**MINIMUM 3 VIEWS**!!!
83
What are the minimum 3 respiratory radiograph views we should take in turtles?
-Dorsal/Ventral view
-Lateral view
-Cranial/caudal view
84
The ventral ribs in turtles fuse together to form the
Plastron
85
The dorsal ribs fuse together & flatten to form the
Carapace
86
What is different about the ribs on a sea turtle vs a boxed turtle?
-There are big gaps in the dorsal ribs that give you access to ultrasound
87
What is important about the sea turtle skull bones?
-There is a lot of fusion of them
88
When comparing the brain size between turtles and other animals we've talked to, what do we notice?
-Don't have large cerebral hemispheres like avians & mammals
-Have "reptilian brain"
89
What is different about the chelonian brain?
-It is basically just the brainstem
90
Which brain is on top and which is on bottom?
-Top = mammalian (domestic cat)
-Bottom = reptilian (leatherback turtle)
91
What is indicated by number 1?
-Brain
92
What is indicated by number 2?
-Tongue
93
What is indicated by number 3?
-Olfactory sac
94
What is indicated by number 4?
-Mouth
95
What is indicated by number 5?
-Hyoid
96
What is indicated by number 6?
-Glottis
97
What is indicated by number 7?
-Trachea
98
What is indicated by number 8?
-Salt gland
99
What is the comparison between the sea turtle brain and the salt glands?
-Brain is much smaller than the salt glands
-Easy to mistake the salt glands for the brain
100
What do salt glands in sea turtles help do?
-Help remove the excess salt
101
What is indicated by number 1?
-Brain
102
What is indicated by number 2?
-Salt gland
103
Salt glands are _____ symmetrical
Bilaterally
104
Where is the brain located in sea turtles?
-On the midline
105
What is indicated by number 1?
-Spinal cord
106
What is indicated by number 2?
-Lung
107
What is indicated by number 3?
-Liver
108
What is indicated by number 4?
-Stomach
109
What is indicated by number 5?
-Ovary
110
What is indicated by number 6?
-Kidney
111
What is indicated by number 7?
-Pelvis
112
What is indicated by number 8?
-Femur
113
What is indicated by number 9?
-Urinary bladder
114
What is indicated by number 10?
-Colon
115
What is indicated by number 11?
-Small intestine
116
What is indicated by number 12?
-Heart
117
What is indicated by number 13?
-Humerus
118
What is indicated by number 14?
-Trachea
119
What is indicated by number 15?
-Esophagus
120
What is indicated by number 16?
-Carotid artery
121
What is indicated by number 1?
-Liver
122
What is indicated by number 2?
-Gallbladder
123
What is indicated by number 3?
-Right lung
124
What is indicated by number 4?
-Small intestines
125
What is indicated by number 5?
-Cloaca
126
What is indicated by number 6?
-Vent
127
What is indicated by number 7?
-Duodenum
128
What is indicated by number 8?
-Pancreas
129
What is indicated by number 9?
-Stomach
130
What is indicated by number 10?
-Trachea
131
What is indicated by number 11?
-Esophagus
132
What is the common chamber for urine and feces?
-Cloaca
133
T/F: Turtles have a urinary bladder
-True. Turtles have a vestigial or primitive urinary bladder
134
What determines the species of offspring in chelonians?
-Temperature
-Females are hot, males are cool
135
Most reptiles reproduce _____
sexually
-However, some reproduce asexually
136
All reproductive activity in reptiles occurs through the
cloaca
137
How does reproduction occur through cloaca in reptiles?
-Males & females usually put their cloaca together & the male excretes sperm
138
Where do reptiles store their eggs until they hatch?
-Most lay eggs in the ground, or some species retain their eggs until they are just about to hatch and then lay them down
139
Do all reptiles lay eggs?
-No!
-All turtles lay eggs but some reptile species have live young
140
Do chelonians have a penis?
-No penis is mammalian
-Chelonians have a phallus
141
What is shown here?
-Turtle engorged phallus
142
What happens when the chelonian phallus gets engorged?
-It is engorged with lymph, not with whole blood like mammals
143
Does the turtle phallus have an enclosed urethra?
-No it has a groove through it
144
Which turtle is male?
-On the right
-Indentation is to help center the turtle onto the female when mating
145
What are the 7 ways to determine if a turtle is male or female?
1. Look at the shell
2. Observe the plastron
3. See the tail
4. Species defined features
5. Check the claws
6. Observe the cloaca
7. Look at tail size
146
How can we use the shell to determine whether a turtle is male or female? (Not talking about indent)
-The shell length of an adult female turtle is slightly longer than the male
147
How can we use the plastron to determine whether a turtle is male or female?
-In male turtles, the plastron is slightly concave while in females it is flat (so slightly inwards)
148
How can we use the tail to determine whether a turtle is male or female?
-In male turtles, there is often a small notch in the back of the carapace that looks like a letter "v" to help accommodate the tail when the turtles are mating
149
How can we use species defined features to determine whether a turtle is male or female?
-Male American box turtles have orange or red irises and the female ones have yellow or brown ones
-Male sun turtles have a blue shade of color on their underbellies (if no blue underbelly, female)
150
How can we use the claws to determine whether a turtle is male or female?
-Claws of the male turtles' front legs are longer than the female turtles b/c male turtles use their long claws to defend their territory & fight
151
How can we use the cloaca to determine whether a turtle is male or female?
-Female's cloaca looks much rounder & has the appearance of a star & is located much closer to the body, at the base of the tail
-Males cloaca has a slit-like appearance & much long & is more located towards the tip of the tail, farther than the body
152
How can we use tail size to determine whether a turtle is male or female?
-Tail of the male turtle is much longer & thicker (b/c males have their genitalia within the tail)
-Females have shorter and thinner tails
153
What do we call the male reproductive organ of Squamata:serpents?
-Hemipenes
154
What is shown here?
-Pueblian Milk snakes entwined in mating pose
155
What is shown here?
-Male snakes hemipenes (phallic organs) bilaterally symmetrical
156
The length of the blind pouch in snakes is longer in which gender?
-Longer in the male than the female
157
What is shown here?
-Mating ball in summer breeding season (western garter snakes)
158
What do we need to know about mating balls?
-Know they occur
-Know the female will be in estrus ready to ovulate, males will detect it with their tongues picking up the scent & they're all conjugating around her trying to get into her vent
159
What are the venomous reptiles of North America that we need to be aware of?
-Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
-Cottonmouth moccasin
-Eastern Coral snake
-Copperhead snake
160
Which of the venemous snakes of North America that we need to know are part of the **Pit Viper group**?
-Rattlesnakes
-Cottonmouth moccasin
-Copperhead snakes
161
What do Pit vipers have that provide an advantage?
-Have a pit on the front of their snouts that detects infrared radiation which can be used to make a 3-D image of their environment
162
What is important to know about coral snakes?
-Rear-fanged venemous snake
-Highest percentage of neurotoxins in their venom
163
What are the venomous lizards in North America?
-Gila monster
-Beaded lizard
164
How do reptiles inject venom?
-They don't have fangs, have grooves in their jaws and their salivary glands have been modified to become poison glands
-As they bite their prey, they hang on and drive the venom into the wounds (not super efficient)
165
What snake is this?
-Rattlesnake
166
What snake is this?
-Cottonmouth mocassin
167
What snake is this?
-Coral snake
168
What snake is this?
-Copperhead snake
169
What reptile is this?
-Gila monster
170
What reptile is this?
-Beaded lizard
