Exam 4: Lecture 47 & 48: Avian Anatomy Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
What are the birds we will focus on?
A
-Waterfowl
-Fowl
-Parrots
-Passerines
-Owls
-N.W. Vultures
-Hawks
2
Q
What species are Waterfowl?
A
-Anseriformes
3
Q
What species are Parrots?
A
-Psittaciformes
4
Q
What species are Passerines?
A
-Passeriformes
5
Q
What species are Owls?
A
-Strigiformes
6
Q
What species are N.W. Vultures?
A
-Catharbiformes
7
Q
What species are Fowl?
A
-Galliformes
8
Q
What species are Hawks?
A
-Falconiformes
9
Q
What birds belong in the order Galliformes?
A
-Chickens
-Pheasants
-Turkeys
10
Q
What birds belong in the order Anseriformes?
A
-Ducks
-Geese
-Swans
11
Q
What birds belong in the order Psittiformes?
A
-Cockatoo
-Conure
-Macaw
-Parrots
12
Q
What birds belong in the order Falconiformes & Strigiformes?
A
-Eagle
-Falcon
-Hawk
-Owls
13
Q
What birds belong in the order Passeriformes?
A
-Canary
-Finch
-Crow
-Raven
-Warblers, etc.
14
Q
What order do these birds belong to?
A
-Galliformes
15
Q
What order do these birds belong to?
A
-Anseriformes
16
Q
What order do these birds belong to?
A
-Psittiformes
17
Q
What order do these birds belong to?
A
-Falconiformes & Strigiformes
18
Q
What order do these birds belong to?
A
-Passeriformes
19
Q
When working with populations of birds, it is _____ medicine
A
Flock medicine (poultry mass production farms)
20
Q
What are examples of individual bird medicine?
A
-Pet birds
-Zoological collections
-Psittacines
-Passerines
-Falconry
21
Q
What is the largest organ in all animals?
A
-Skin (integumentary system)
22
Q
What do feathers help the birds with?
A
-Flight
-Thermoregulation
-Sexual dimorphism
-Protection
23
Q
How do we know if the feather is a tail feather?
A
-Tail feathers have a shaft going down the middle called a rachis
-If it is bilaterally symmetrical & the surface area is equal on either side, it is a tail feather
24
Q
How do you know if it is a flight feather?
A
-Has some shaft, but the components on either side of the shaft are asymmetrical (have different surface areas)
25
Can you tell if it is a left or right wing flight feather?
-Yes!
-Smaller surface area is on the cranial edge of the feather while they are flying
26
What are contour feathers?
-Feathers that cover the body of the bird (contour of the bird)
27
Where are the downy feathers?
-Deep to the contour feathers of the bird
28
How can birds cool themselves down?
-Can use their rectipilli muscles to lift the contour feathers up, to release more air & cool themselves down
29
What type of feather is this?
-Tail feather
30
What type of feather is this?
-Flight feather
31
What type of feather is this?
-Contour feather
32
What type of feather is this?
-Downy feather
33
What is preening?
-Grooming or combing the feather components
34
What happens in the microxnatomy of the feather when a bird is preening?
-They are re-aligning the hooklets & barbules together on the barb so they line back up
35
What is indicated by number 1?
-Rachis
36
What is indicated by number 2?
-Barbs
37
What is indicated by number 3?
-Barbules
38
What is indicated by number 4?
-Hooklets
39
What is indicated by the star?
-Barbs & barbules interlocking with hooklets
40
Where is the primary flight feather attached?
-To the manus
41
Where is the secondary feather attached?
-To the antebrachium & brachium
42
What is the alula?
-Composed of bones of digit #1 (like a thumb kind of)
-Prevents stalling in flight
43
What is indicated by number 1?
-Scapulars
44
What is indicated by number 2?
-Marginal coverts
45
What is indicated by number 3?
-**Alula**
46
What is indicated by number 4?
-Primary coverts
47
What is indicated by number 5?
-Primary flight feathers
48
What is indicated by number 6?
-Secondary flight feathers
49
What is indicated by number 7?
-Secondary coverts
50
What is important about the skull of avian species?
-Multiple fused sites
51
What is the **notarium**?
-Fused thoracic vertebrae
52
What is the **synsacrum**?
-Fused os coxae & sacral vertebrae
53
What is important about the manus of avian species?
-Reduced number of digits & fused bony components (bone 2 & 4 often fused)
54
What is the carpometacarpus in avian species?
-Fused carpal bones & metacarpal bones
55
What is the tarsometatarsus in avian species?
-Fused tarsal bones & metatarsal bones
56
What is **pygostyle**?
-Fused caudal vertebrae (tail feathers come off this)
57
What is different about reptile & birds occipital condyle?
-They only have a SINGLE occipital condyle
58
Bird beaks can do ____ movements
Kinetic
59
What is the dorsal beak of birds called?
-**Rhinotheca**
60
What is the ventral beak of birds called?
-**Gnathotheca**
61
What does the **quadrate bone** do for birds?
-Allows them to have an active, mobile beak so they can prehend their food
62
What is indicated by number 1?
-**Rhinotheca**
63
What is indicated by number 5?
-**Gnathotheca**
64
What is indicated by the red arrow?
-Quadrate bone
65
How many ear ossicles are there in avian species and what is it called?
-**Single middle ear ossicle** called the **STAPES** in birds (one ear bone)
66
What bones are involved in the **triosseal canal**?
-Coracoid
-Furcula
-Scapula
67
What is the furcula?
-Fused clavicles in avian species
68
What passes through the **triosseal canal**?
-Tendon of supracoracoideus muscle
69
What is the function of the supracoracoideus m.?
-"Upstroke" muscle of the wing
70
What is indicated by the blue star?
-**Triosseal canal**
71
What are the attachments of the **suprecoracoideus m.**?
-Proximal humerus to lateral & central region of keel of sternum
-Proximal tendon passes through the triosseal canal
72
What are the attachments of the **pectoralis m.**?
-Proximal humerus to lateral perimeter of keel of sternum
73
What is the action of the **pectoralis m.**?
-Contraction of muscle results in "downstroke" of wing
74
What is indicated by number 1?
-**Supracoracoideus m.**
75
What is indicated by number 2?
-**Pectoralis m.**
76
What is the "keel of sternum"?
-Bony protuberance running down the midline on the ventral side of the bird
77
What is indicated by number 1?
-Supracoracoideus m.
78
What is indicated by number 2?
-Pectoralis m.
79
What chicken product is commonly made from their pectoralis or supracoracoideus m.?
-Chicken strips (Mattys favorite)
80
What is being displayed here?
-Claws on the carpal region of some birds wings
81
When the birds have claws on the carpal region of some birds wings, the claw comes out of the _____
Alula
82
What species we might deal with can have claws on the carpal region of their wings?
-Chickens
83
What is indicated by the blue star?
-Alula
84
What is being shown here?
-Young chicken w/ claw adaptation associated w/ alula
85
Birds reabsorb their ____ aortic arch, and keep their ___ aortic arch
-Reabsorb their left aortic arch and keep their right aortic arch
86
Megaesophagus is a consequence of what?
-Having both your left & right aortic arch
87
In avian species, where is the aortic arch?
-**On the RIGHT side**
88
What is the difference in the descending aorta in mammals vs. birds
-In the left of the animal in mammals
-In the right of the animal in birds
89
What happens in birds when drugs are injected into the pelvic limbs or caudal muscle masses?
-Medications are excreted by the kidneys
90
In birds, you should avoid putting medications where, because they are intended to not be excreted?
-At pelvic limbs
91
What passes dorsal to the kidney tissue within the ventral recess of the synsacrum?
-**Sciatic n.** (can also call it ischiatic n.)
92
What nerve is subject to trauma in birds when kidney disease is present?
-**Sciatic n.** (can also call it ischiatic n.)
-Can cause the bird to look paralyzed
93
How does the renal portal system work in birds?
-Taking blood from caudal extremities (pelvic limb) & going from major vessels of renal systems & into most of the kidneys, kidneys then filter out the different components
94
A bird presents to you as paralyzed, besides something muscular or skeletal going on, what should your differential be?
-Sciatic nerve experiencing trauma or impact because of kidney disease
95
What goes through the middle lobe of the avian kidney?
-Sciatic n.
96
List the places we can use as venipuncture sites in birds from easiest to hardest to collect
-Jugular vein
-Brachial vein
-Medial metatarsal vein
-Dorsal vertebral vein
97
Which jugular vein is larger on birds?
-Right jugular v.
98
Where is the dorsal vertebral vein located in birds?
-Located midline & proximal to pygostyle
99
T/F: We can take a blood sample from the digital vein in birds via toe clipping
FALSE
-NOT HUMANE
-Painful, high risk of infection & contaminated blood samples
100
Where is the brachial v. site for venipuncture in birds?
-Upper wing
101
What are important things to note for branchial vein venipuncture in birds?
-Minimum of 2 people to safely restrain the avian patient
-Client will NOT always agree to anesthesia costs
-Always some risk to anesthesia
-Priority to protect wing bones
-Avian patient needs to be placed on solid surface
-Patient should NOT be restrained w/out protection of wing
102
What is the red arrow pointing to?
-Brachial v. in avian thoracic limb
103
What avian venipuncture site is shown in this image?
-Medial metatarsal vein
104
Do birds have different body cavities?
-NO
-There is no true thoracic or abdominal cavities
105
Birds only have 1 body cavity, which is known as
-**Coelomic cavity**
106
There are multiple ______ throughout the coelomic cavity
-Air sacs
107
Some air sacs in birds penetrate pneumonic bones. What is an example of this?
-Proximal humerus bilaterally (communicate w/ air sacs)
108
T/F: Birds have no costal cartilage
TRUE
109
____ surround all the different organs in birds (have to tear through these when dissecting)
-Air sacs
110
What is the route of ingesta in birds from orad to aborad starting at the beak/mouth?
1. Beak/Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Crop
4. Proventriculus
5. Ventriculus (Gizzard)
6. Duodenum/Duodenal loop
7. Small Intestine
8. Ceca
9. Large intestine
10. Cloaca
111
What sits in the duodenal loop in birds?
-Pancreas
112
What is indicated by number 1?
-Beak/mouth
113
What is indicated by number 2?
-Esophagus
114
What is indicated by number 3?
-Crop
115
What is indicated by number 4?
-Proventriculus
116
What is indicated by number 5?
-Ventriculus (Gizzard)
117
What is indicated by number 6?
-Duodenum/duodenal loop
118
What is indicated by number 7?
-Pancreas
119
What is indicated by number 8?
-Liver
120
What is indicated by number 9?
-Spleen
121
What is indicated by number 10?
-Gallbladder
122
What is indicated by number 11?
-Small intestine
123
What is indicated by number 12?
-Ceca
124
What is indicated by number 13?
-Large intestine
125
What is indicated by number 14?
-Cloaca
126
The ventriculus is _____ (aborad/orad) to the proventriculus
-Aborad
127
The duodenum is _____ (aborad/orad) to the jejunum
-Orad
128
What is the lining of the proventriculus & ventriculus (stomach) in birds called?
-**Kaolin**
129
Why is it important to know that the proventriculus & ventriculus has a kaolin lining within the ventricles?
-Because some parasites will get between the muscular wall & kaolin lining
-Place to look during necropsy
130
What do some avian species do to assist in grinding ingesta during the digestive process?
-Ingest gravel or small stones
131
What species of avian have double ceci?
-Galliformes spp.
132
What species of avian have NO cecum?
-Psittacine spp.
133
What do we call the sac remnant in the digestive tract of birds?
-**Merkel's diverticulum**
134
What can we say about the digestive tract of avians?
-Relative simple digestive system
135
What 3 things are in the cloacal region?
-**Coprodeum**
-**Urodeum**
-**Proctodeum**
136
What is **coprodeum**?
-Receives feces from GIT
137
What is **urodeum**?
-Receives urates from kidneys & either eggs or sperm from reproductive tract
138
What is **proctodeum**?
-Common region of the cloacal region
139
Do birds make urine?
-NO, they make urates
140
What is different in mammalian and avian soft palates?
-Mammals have a solid soft palate to create suction to get milk
-Avians have a **choanal slit** in their hard palate so the nasal & oral cavity can communicate
141
What is indicated by number 1?
-**Choanal slit**
142
What is indicated by number 2?
-Choanal papillae
143
What is different about birds tracheal rings?
-Birds have complete tracheal rings
-Often possess ossified rings
144
T/F: Birds do not have a larynx
-TRUE
145
T/F: We can use cuffed ET tubes in birds
-FALSE
-Need to use uncured b/c they have complete trachea rings & you can damage the rings or the mucosa
146
What makes the sound of production? (Allows bird to make sounds)
-**Syrinx**
147
What is shown by number 3?
-**Syrinx**
148
Where is the **syrinx** located?
-the biforcation of the primary bronchi
149
What is indicated by the blue star?
-**Syrinx**
150
What separates the heart from the liver in avian species?
-**Horizontal septum**
151
What is indicated by number 1?
-Cranial thoracic air sac
152
What is indicated by number 2?
-**Horizontal septum**
153
What acts as the muscular diaphragm in avian species?
-**Horizontal septum**
154
What is the only air sac we talk about in birds that is not bilaterally symmetrical?
-Interclavicular air sac
155
What does the interclavicular air sac communicate with?
-With both humerus (left & right)
156
Where are the lungs in avians?
-Plastered against the dorsal side of the coelomic cavity
157
What is indicated by number 1?
-Cervical air sacs
158
What is indicated by number 2?
-Diverticulum to humerus
159
What is indicated by number 3?
-Cranial thoracic air sacs
160
What is indicated by number 4?
-Caudal thoracic air sacs
161
What is indicated by number 5?
-Abdominal air sacs
162
What is indicated by number 6?
-Lungs
163
What is indicated by number 7?
-Syrinx
164
What is indicated by number 8?
-Interclavicular air sac
165
What is indicated by number 9?
-Trachea
166
What is indicated by number 1?
-Cervical air sacs
167
What is indicated by number 2?
-Interclavicular air sacs
168
What is indicated by number 3?
-Cranial thoracic air sacs
169
What is indicated by number 4?
-Caudal thoracic air sacs
170
What is indicated by number 5?
-Abdominal air sacs
171
What is indicated by number 6?
-Dorsobronchi
172
What is indicated by number 7?
-Ventrobronchi
173
What is indicated by number 8?
-Lungs
174
How is the air flow in avian respiration?
-One-way air flow
175
Explain the 4 parts of avian one-way airflow
-Inspiration 1 = air flows to caudal air sacs
-Expiration 1 = air flows through lungs
-Inspiration 2 = air flows to cranial air sacs
-Expiration 2 = air flows out trachea
176
What are the components of the female "hen" reproductive tract?
-Ovaries
-Infundibulum
-Magnum
-Uterus (shell gland)
-Vagina
-Urodeum
-Cloaca
177
What do the ovaries in hens look like?
-Bright orange (b/c yolk being developed)
178
What is indicated by number 1?
-Ovary
179
What is indicated by number 2?
-Infundibulum
180
What is indicated by number 3?
-Magnum
181
What is indicated by number 4?
-Isthmus
182
What is indicated by number 5?
-Uterus or shell gland
183
What is indicated by number 6?
-Vagina
184
What is indicated by number 7?
-Cloaca
185
What is indicated by number 8?
-Large intestine
186
What are the repro. tract components of roosters?
-Testis*
-Ductus deferens
-Urodeum*
-Cloaca*
-Phallus*
187
Do roosters have a penis?
-No they have a phallus
188
What is a phallus?
-Has a groove to it (opening in the urethral region)
-Not an enclosed tube
189
There is a common opening into the ___ for the sex cells or sex components in roosters
Urodeum
190
What is indicated by number 1?
-Testes
191
What is indicated by number 2?
-Vas deferens
192
What is indicated by number 3?
-Cloaca
193
What is indicated by number 4?
-Vent
194
What is different about the avian brain?
-Displays lissencephalia (smooth external surface)
195
Which brain is mammalian and which is avian?
-Mammalian on right
-Avian on left
196
What is indicated by number 1?
-Olfactory lobe
197
What is indicated by number 2?
-Cerebral hemisphere
198
What is indicated by number 3?
-Optic lobe
199
What is indicated by number 4?
-Cerebellum
200
What is indicated by number 5?
-Medulla oblongata
201
What is indicated by number 6?
-Infundibulum & hypophysis
202
What is indicated by number 7?
-Hypothalamus
203
What is indicated by number 8?
-Optic chiasma
204
How are birds eyesight?
-Birds have INCREDIBLE eyesight
205
What is the orbit?
-Bones that form socket where eyeball is at
206
What do birds have in addition to the orbit on the eye?
-**scleral ossicles**
207
What are **scleral ossicles**?
-Scleral bones in series which overlap to form a circle of bony plates
208
What is the blue arrow pointing to?
-**Scleral ossicles**
209
What supplies nutrition to the retina in avian eyes?
-**Pecten** (SPELL CORRECTLY OR NO CREDIT)
210
What is indicated by the blue star?
-**Pecten**
211
What type of vision do birds have?
-Binocular vision
212
What does binocular vision enable you to do?
-Have better depth perception of your surroundings
213
Most avian species have ____ binocular vision
Limited
