EXPERIMENT 14

Question 1

Take note for H. pylori, it causes (?) and if untreated, it may lead to (?).

Answer 1

duodenal or gastric ulcers

gastric carcinoma

Question 2

Highly immunogenic

Answer 2

CAGA

Question 3

The severity of the disease is related to injection of the (?) protein into the gastric epithelial cells.

Answer 3

CagA

Question 4

Once the (?) protein is in the epithelial cell, it will change the function of the epithelial cells signal transduction pathways and in the structure of the cytoskeleton.

Answer 4

CagA

Question 5

gene that codes for a toxin precursor.

Answer 5

VACUOLATING CYTOTOXIN/ VACA

Question 6

Epidemiological studies have shown that if your(?) are present in the strain of the bacteria infecting the individual, there is a high risk of developing gastric or peptic ulcers or gastric carcinoma. So, stomach cancer.

Answer 6

CagA and VacA genes

Question 7

Plate on blood agar

Answer 7

Culture

Question 8

Takes 24-48 hours

Answer 8

Culture

Question 9

Not a serologic test but a microbiologic test

Answer 9

Culture

Question 10

The best diagnostic test for determining Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 10

Culture

Question 11

Extract antigen from throat swab

Answer 11

Rapid EIA

Question 12

Rapid (2 hours max) but not as sensitive as culture

Answer 12

Rapid EIA

Question 13

A back up test for culture.

Answer 13

Rapid EIA

Question 14

Serologic tests are performed to have an idea on how to manage the infection.

Answer 14

Rapid EIA

Question 15

Amplify portions of the emm gene

Answer 15

PCR

Question 16

Need for specialized equipment

Answer 16

PCR

Question 17

Neutralization of exotoxins (ASO, anti-DNase, etc.)

Answer 17

Antibody testing

Question 18

Used to diagnose strep sequelae

Answer 18

Antibody testing

Question 19

Agglutination of red cells coated with exotoxins

Answer 19

Slide agglutination

Question 20

Rapid but results not as reliable as other testing; good initial screening tool

Answer 20

Slide agglutination

Question 21

Take note this is a microbiologic test or bacteriologic test for H. pylori.

Question 22

We place a biopsy material on urea agar and the color change as urea is broken down.

Question 23

Take note for H. pylori, they contain urease.

Question 24

For the results, we can have it in 2 hours, but it is an invasive procedure and organism may be missed due to uneven distribution in tissue.

Question 25

Since biopsy ang sample dito, there is a tendency that the area we get is not the representative of the infection, so baka ibang part ng stomach ang makita thus, manenegative sya. This is the problem for this test.

Answer 25

UREASE TEST

Question 26

It is also under microbiological test for H. pylori.

Answer 26

UREA BREATH TEST

Question 27

Patient ingests radioactive urea; bicarbonate produced, which is breathed out as CO2.

Answer 27

UREA BREATH TEST

Question 28

The patient has the enzyme urease.

Answer 28

UREA BREATH TEST

Question 29

So if you have H. pylori, that H. pylori has urease thus, if the patient has ingested the radioactive urea, the urea will be converted into ammonia and because of that, yung hininga ng patient will be ammoniacal or mapanghi.

Answer 29

UREA BREATH TEST

Question 30

Rapid and sensitive but involves radioactivity

Answer 30

UREA BREATH TEST

Question 31

Take note that the patient will ingest radioactive urea

Answer 31

UREA BREATH TEST

Question 32

It is used to identify the antigen in stool specimens. We determine for antigen mismo.

Answer 32

RAPID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY

Question 33

Rapid but not as sensitive as urea breath test.

Answer 33

RAPID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY

Question 34

Used to determine success of therapy.

Answer 34

RAPID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY

Question 35

EIA test to determine the presence of IgG or IgM antibodies against H. pylori.

Answer 35

ANTIBODY TESTING

Question 36

Best test or intial screening method but not as reliable as antigen testing to evaluate therapy

Answer 36

ANTIBODY TESTING

Question 37

For example, if you’ll going to be asked what is the best test to determine the success of therapy?

Answer 37

Rapid Enzyme Immunoassay

Question 38

But if asked what is the best test for initial screening method for H. pylori, it will be

Answer 38

Antibody Testing

Question 39

But overall, what is the gold standard in testing the bacteria?

Answer 39

culture