EXPERIMENT 16, 17, 18

Question 1

Hepatitis C virus is an (?).

Answer 1

enveloped flavivirus

Question 2

It is small, enveloped, (?) RNA virus.

Answer 2

single – stranded

Question 3

Hepatitis C, previously called (?), was regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion because of the absence of specific serologic markers and unknown viral origin.

Answer 3

non – A, non – B (NANB) hepatitis

Question 4

The general method of detecting infection with HCV is to observe the presence of antibodies to the virus in human (?).

Answer 4

serum or plasma

Question 5

The etiologic agent of (?) is a human retrovirus known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV – 1 and 2).

Answer 5

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 6

Retroviruses are defined as viruses that contain as single positive – stranded RNA, which contain the virus’ genetic formation, and a special enzyme known as (?) in their core.

Answer 6

reverse transcriptase

Question 7

This enzyme enables the virus to convert viral RNA to DNA in contrast to the normal process of transcription where DNA is converted to RNA.

Answer 7

reverse transcriptase

Question 8

The general method for detecting infection with HIV is to observe the presence of (?) to the virus.

Answer 8

antibodies

Question 9

Dengue fever belongs to the group (?), and is transmitted by a day – biting mosquito vector, (?).

Answer 9

flavivirus

Aedes aegypti

Question 10

Primary dengue infection, also known as (?), is associated with (?).

Answer 10

dengue fever

mild to high fever, headache, muscle pain and skin rash

Question 11

This may progress to a secondary infection that often results in (?) and circulatory failure with noticeable fatality rate.

Answer 11

high fever with hemorrhagic episode

Question 12

(?) to dengue virus enables serodiagnosis and differentiation between primary and secondary dengue infections.

Answer 12

Specific antibody response

Question 13

16, 17, 18

REAGENTS:

Answer 13

Test kit (cassette) for anti – HCV

Test kit (cassette) for HIV – 1 and 2 antibodies

Test kit (cassette) for dengue IgG/IgM combo test

Question 14

16, 17, 18

SAMPLE:

Answer 14

16, 17 Plasma or serum

18 Whole blood (anticoagulated with EDTA, heparin or oxalate), plasma or serum

(should be free form contamination, hemolysis and lipemia)

Question 15

16, 17, 18

PRINCIPLE:

Answer 15

Immunochromatography

Question 16

Distinct colored band appears on the Test region (T) in addition to a colored band on the Control region (C)

Answer 16

POSITIVE

Question 17

No colored band appears on the Test region (T) but distinct colored band appears on the Control region (C)

Answer 17

NEGATIVE

Question 18

Neither Test (T) nor Control (C) colored band appears

Answer 18

INVALID

Question 19

colored band only appears on the test region (T) but not on the Control region (C)

Answer 19

INVALID

Question 20

The specimen should be tested again using a new device

Answer 20

INVALID

Question 21

17

Dispense (?) of the sample to the center of the sample well (marked as “S”) of the test card using the plastic dropper provided

Answer 21

3 drops (100 µL)

Question 22

16

Dispense (?) of the sample to the center of the sample well (marked as “S”) of the test card using the plastic dropper provided

Answer 22

1 drop (10 µL)

Question 23

16

Add (?) of sample diluent to the diluent well (marked as “D”) immediately after the specimen is added

Answer 23

2 drops

Question 24

Diluent

Answer 24

16, HCV

Question 25

Buffer

Answer 25

17, DENGUE

Question 26

18 Dispense (?) of the sample to the center of the sample well (marked as “S1”) of the test card using a micropipette

Answer 26

5 µL

Question 27

18 Add (?) of sample buffer to well-marked as “S”

Answer 27

2 drops

Question 28

The assay starts with a sample applied to the sample well to which a sample diluent is immediately added.

Question 29

The HCV antigen – colloidal gold conjugate embedded in the sample pad reacts with the HCV antibody present in serum or plasma sample forming conjugate – HCV antibody complex.

Question 30

As the mixture is allowed to migrate along the test strip, the conjugate – HCV antibody complex is captured by an antibody – binding protein immobilized on a membrane forming a colored test band in the test region.

Question 31

A negative sample does not produce a test line due to the absence of colloidal gold conjugate – HCV antibody complex.

Question 32

The antigens used in the test are recombinant proteins corresponding to highly immunoreactive regions of HCV.

Question 33

A colored control band in the control region appears at the end of the test procedure regardless of the result.

Question 34

This control band is the result of colloidal gold conjugate binding to anti – HCV antibody immobilized on the membrane.

Question 35

The control line indicates that the colloidal gold conjugate is functional.

Question 36

The absence of the control band indicates that the test is invalid.

Question 37

The assay starts with a sample applied to the sample well to which a sample diluent is immediately added.

Question 38

A recombinant HIV antigen conjugated to colloidal gold embedded in the sample pad reacts with the HIV antibody present in serum or plasma, forming conjugate – HIV antibody complex.

Question 39

As the mixture is allowed to migrate along the test strip, the conjugate – HIV antibody complex is captured by recombinant HIV antigen immobilized on a membrane forming a colored test band in the test region.

Question 40

A negative sample does not produce a test line due to the absence of colloidal gold conjugate – HIV antibody complex.

Question 41

The antigens used in the conjugate test are recombinant proteins that correspond to highly immunoreactive regions of HIV – 1 and HIV – 2.

Question 42

A colored control band is the result of colloidal gold conjugate binding to anti – HIV antibody immobilized on the membrane.

Question 43

The control line indicates that the colloidal gold conjugate is functional.

Question 44

The absence of the control band indicates that the test is invalid.

Question 45

(?) are immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane respectively, as two individuals test lines (IgM line and IgG line) located in the test window of the test device.

Answer 45

Mouse antihuman IgM and IgG antibodies

Question 46

The (?) in the test window is close to the sample well followed by IgM line.

Answer 46

IgG line

Question 47

As the test sample flows through the membrane within the test device, the colored dengue – specific recombinant antigen – colloidal gold conjugate complexes with the specific antibodies (IgM and/or IgG) against the dengue virus, if present in the sample.

Question 48

This complex moves further on the membrane to the test region where it is captured by the antihuman IgM and/or IgG antibodies coated on the membrane leading to the formation of a colored band which indicates a positive test result.

Question 49

Absence of this colored band in the test window indicates a negative test result.

Question 50

A built – in control line will always appear in the test window when the test has been performed properly, regardless of the presence or absence of anti – dengue virus antibodies in the specimen.

Question 51

What is the best method used to detect infections due to rubella, Epstein-Barr and human immunodeficiency viruses?

Answer 51

antibody detection by EIA

Question 52

Immunoassays are based on the principle of

Answer 52

a. separation of bound and free analyte

Question 53

The presence of HBsAg, anti-HBc and often HBeg is characteristic of

Answer 53

a. early acute phase HBV hepatitis

Question 54

An example of an organ specific disease with autoimmune antibodies is

Answer 54

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 55

When testing a patient for HIV antibody, which of the following is used to confirm a positive screening test?

Answer 55

c. immunofluorescence

Question 56

The Rapid Plasma Reagin test

Answer 56

a. is useful in screening for syphilis

Question 57

What is the incubation period for mumps?

Answer 57

c. 14 to 18 days

Question 58

Which of the following is a slide agglutination screening test for the detection of antibodies to several streptococcal antigens?

Answer 58

a. Anti-DNase B testing b. ASO testing c. Streptozyme testing d. All of the above C or D

Question 59

Which of the following antigen detection procedures is the most specific test used to detect H. pylori?

Answer 59

Histological examination of gastric biopsy tissue

Question 60

Which of the following is the causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever?

Answer 60

R. rickettsia

Question 61

The virus is transmitted by what mosquitoes of the daytime-biting Stegemyia family?

Answer 61

Aedes aegypti

Question 62

Result suggesting a secondary or past infection with dengue virus

Answer 62

mild to high fever, headache, muscle pain and skin rash

Question 63

Result suggesting either an acute primary or secondary dengue infection.

Answer 63

mild to high fever, headache, muscle pain and skin rash

Question 64

Result indicates a late primary or early secondary acute infection.

Answer 64

mild to high fever, headache, muscle pain and skin rash

Question 65

What is the amount of specimen dispensed on the sample well of the test

Answer 65

5uL