EXPERIMENT 13, 14, 15

Question 1

is useful in the diagnosis of Streptococcal infection and its
relative effects on organs, especially the heart and kidneys.

Answer 1

Anti – Streptolysin O (ASO) test

Question 2

is a corkscrew – shaped, gram – negative rod that infects the mucous layer of the stomach.

Answer 2

Helicobacter pylori

Question 3

Helicobacter pylori is the most common of (?), and is etiologically involved in gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and primary gastric B – cell lymphoma.

Answer 3

gastritis

Question 4

Hepatitis B virus is a member of the (?). It is a (?) virion, with an (?) nucleocapsid core containing a rapidly (?) DNA genome.

Answer 4

Hepadnaviridae family

42 mm enveloped

icosahedral

double stranded circular

Question 5

The envelope contains a protein called the (?), which is important for laboratory diagnosis and immunization.

Answer 5

surface antigen (HBsAg)

Question 6

is the earliest serological marker that indicates the presence of acute infection.

Answer 6

HBsAg

Question 7

HBsAg is also indicative of

Answer 7

chronic infection.

Question 8

13

REAGENTS:

Answer 8

ASO latex reagent
Positive control
Negative control
Normal Saline Solution (0.85 – 0.90% NaCl)

Question 9

13

SAMPLE:

Answer 9

Serum (should be free from contamination, hemolysis and lipemia)

Question 10

13

PRINCIPLE:

Answer 10

Latex Agglutination

Question 11

14

REAGENTS:

Answer 11

Test kit (cassette) for Helicobacter pylori antibody test

Question 12

14

SAMPLE:

Answer 12

Plasma or serum (should be free from contamination, hemolysis or lipemia)

Question 13

14

PRINCIPLE:

Answer 13

Immunochromatography

Question 14

15

REAGENT:

Answer 14

Test kit (cassette) for HBsAg

Question 15

15

SAMPLE:

Answer 15

Plasma or serum (should be free from contamination, hemolysis and lipemia)

Question 16

PRINCIPLE:

Answer 16

Immunochromatography (Solid Phase “Sandwich” Immunoassay)

Question 17

The (?) is a rapid slide agglutination test for the direct detection and semi – quantitation of anti – streptolysin O.

Answer 17

anti – streptolysin O (ASO) latex test

Question 18

the antigen, a particulate latex suspension coated with streptolysin O, agglutinates in the presence of specific antibodies present in the sera of patients with

Answer 18

Streptococcal β – hemolytic infection.

Question 19

Helicobacter pylori antibody test (?) in a cassette format.

Answer 19

chromatographic lateral flow test device

Question 20

Colloidal gold conjugated Helicobacter pylori antigens are dry – immobilized at the end of nitrocellulose membrane strip.

Question 21

Helicobacter pylori antigens are bound at the test zone (T).

Question 22

when the sample is added, it migrates by capillary diffusion rehydrating the gold conjugate.

Question 23

If anti – Helicobacter pylori antibodies are present in the sample, the antibodies will bind to the gold conjugated antigens forming particles.

Question 24

These particles will continue to migrate along the strip until the test zone (T) where they are captured by Helicobacter pylori antigens generating a visible red line.

Question 25

If there are no anti – Helicobacter pylori antibodies in the sample, no red line is formed in the test zone (T).

Question 26

A built – in control line will always appear in the control zone (C) when the test has been performed properly, regardless of the presence or absence of anti – Helicobacter pylori antibodies in the specimen.

Question 27

HBsAg test is a colloidal gold enhancement immunoassay that detects hepatitis B surface antigen in human serum or plasma.

Question 28

The sample initially reacts with the monoclonal antibody – colloidal gold conjugate on the sample pad.

Question 29

This mixture migrates across the membrane by capillary action and reacts with the anti – HbsAg in the test region.

Question 30

If the sample contains HBsAg, a line will form on the membrane at this point.

Question 31

If the antigen is not present in the sample, no line is formed, indicating a negative result.

Question 32

The mixture continues to flow to the current area of the membrane, where it forms a line indicating the test result is valid.

Question 33

13 Using a semi – automatic pipette, add (?) of normal saline solution to circles 2, 3, 4 and 5

Answer 33

50 µL

Question 34

Add (?)of patient sample to circle 1 and 2

Answer 34

50 µL

Question 35

Transfer (?) of mixture from circle 2 to the saline in circle 3.

Answer 35

50 µL

Question 36

Perform serial dilution in the same manner until the last circle, discarding (?) at the end

Answer 36

50 µL

Question 37

Using the disposable pipette or stirrer, spread the diluted sample over the entire area of each circle starting at (?) and moving backwards to the next, reaching until (?)

Answer 37

circle 5 circle 1

Question 38

Add (?) latex reagent to each circle containing the sample

Answer 38

one (1) drop

Question 39

Rotate the test cards or agglutination slides at

Answer 39

100 rpm for 2 minutes

Question 40

Guide in the Interpretation of Results: Examine macroscopically for the presence of or absence of clumps or agglutination within (?) after removing the test card or agglutination slide from the rotator

Answer 40

1 minute

Question 41

The presence of visible agglutination indicates the

Answer 41

presence of anti – streptolysin O ≥ 200 IU/mL

Question 42

✓ Negative result ✓ Positive result:

Answer 42

✓ Negative result No agglutination ✓ Positive result: Presence of agglutination

Question 43

Computation: ASO (IU/mL) = Limit of sensitivity =

Answer 43

limit of sensitivity x highest dilution with positive reaction 200 IU/mL

Question 44

ASO titers < 200 IU/mL are found in (?) of the healthy adult population, with values higher (up to 300 IU/mL) among children

Answer 44

95%

Question 45

14 Dispense [?] of the sample to the center of the sample well (marked as “S”)

Answer 45

3 drops (120 – 150 µL)

Question 46

Distinct colored band appears on the Test region (T) in addition to a colored band on the Control region (C)

Answer 46

POSITIVE

Question 47

No colored band appears on the Test region (T) but distinct colored band appears on the Control region (C)

Answer 47

NEGATIVE

Question 48

Neither Test (T) nor Control (C) colored band appears, or colored band only appears on the test region (T) but not on the Control region (C)

Answer 48

INVALID

Question 49

The specimen should be tested again using a new device

Answer 49

INVALID

Question 50

15 Dispense [?] of the sample to the center of the sample well (marked as “S”)

Answer 50

3 drops (100 µL)