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IMMUNE1 LAB MIDTERM AND FINALS > EXPERIMENT 15 > Flashcards

EXPERIMENT 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hepatitis B virus is a member of the

A

Hepadnaviridae family

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2
Q

Hepatitis B virus is a (?), with an (?) containing a rapidly (?) DNA genome.

A

42 mm enveloped virion

icosahedral nucleocapsid core

double stranded circular

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3
Q

– the only DNA virus, all other hepatitis virus is RNA.

A

Hepatitis B virus

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4
Q

The envelope contains a protein called the (?), which is important for laboratory diagnosis and immunization.

(Example, for vaccines – ?)

A

surface antigen (HBsAg)

Anti-HBsAg

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5
Q

is the earliest serological marker that indicates the presence of acute infection.

A

HBsAg

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6
Q

It is also indicative of chronic infection.

A

HBsAg

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7
Q

REAGENT:

A

Test kit (cassette) for HBsAg

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8
Q

SAMPLE:

A

Plasma or serum (should be free from contamination, hemolysis and lipemia)

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9
Q

– detecting the presence of an antigen with multiple epitopes.

A

Immunochromatography (Solid Phase “Sandwich” Immunoassay)

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10
Q

is a colloidal gold enhancement immunoassay that detects hepatitis B surface antigen in human serum or plasma.

A

HBsAg test

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11
Q

The sample initially reacts with the (?) on the sample pad.

A

monoclonal antibody – colloidal gold conjugate

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12
Q

This mixture migrates across the membrane by capillary action and reacts with the (?) in the test region.

A

anti-HBsAg

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13
Q

The HBsAg will bind to the monoclonal antibody (?) gold conjugate forming a complex.

A

first reagent – bread 1

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14
Q

The mixture of monoclonal antibody and HBsAg (palaman) present in the patient’s sample will migrate across the membrane by the capillary action and reacts with the anti-HBsAg (?) in the test region, creating a sandwich.

A

second reagent – bread 2

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15
Q

PROCEDURE:
1. Bring the kit components and specimen to (?) before testing
2. Remove the test card from the sealed foil pouch. Once opened, the test card must be (?).
3. Label the test card with(?).
4. Dispense (?) of the sample to the center of the sample well (marked as “S”)
Note: Follow the volume of the sample recommended by the manufacturer (depend on the brand)
5. Read and interpret the results
Note: Strictly follow the manufacturer’s recommended time for reading test results

A

room temperature

used immediately

patient’s identity

3 drops (100 µL)

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16
Q

Distinct colored band appears on the Test region (T) in addition to a colored band on the Control region (C)

A

POSITIVE (REACTIVE) (repeat testing)

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17
Q

No colored band appears on the Test region (T) but distinct colored band appears on the Control region (C)

A

NEGATIVE (NON- REACTIVE)

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18
Q

Neither Test (T) nor Control (C) colored band appears, or colored band only appears on the test region (T) but not on the Control region (C) The specimen should be tested again using a new device

A

INVALID (repeat testing)

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19
Q

Keywords:
hepa-
itis:

A

liver

inflammation

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20
Q
  • general term for the inflammation of the liver.
A

Hepatitis

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21
Q

Hepatitis Causes:

A

viral infection, chemicals, ionizing radiation and autoimmune process

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22
Q

Two stages of inflammation:

A
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23
Q
  • the patient will exhibit general flu-like symptoms
A

Acute stage

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24
Q

The patient can exhibit hepatomegaly, jaundice

A

Progressive stage/ chronic stage

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25
(enlargement of the liver)
hepatomegaly
26
(yellowish discoloration of the skin, dark urine and light feces In the urine, since the liver cannot conjugate the urobilinogen, it will be pass out as urobilin causing dark urine.
jaundice
27
In light feces, since the liver has a problem, it will not convert the conjugated bilirubin into the normal color of the feces which is the (?). Since there is no (?), the feces will be light instead of the normal color which is brown
stercobilin stercobilin
28
Initial laboratory tests
Elevations in bilirubin and liver enzymes (ALT)
29
Asymptomatic- the patient will not exhibit any signs and symptoms
ACUTE
30
The liver cells are destroyed.
ACUTE
31
Liver cirrhosis
ACUTE
32
Liver cancer
ACUTE
33
IT CAN OCCUR 6 MONTHS OR MORE
ACUTE
34
IT CAN OCCUR LESS THAN 6 MONTHS
CHRONIC
35
Joint pain
CHRONIC
36
Rash
CHRONIC
37
Vomiting
CHRONIC
38
Diarrhea
CHRONIC
39
Dark urine
CHRONIC
40
Yellowish color of the skin and the sclera of eyes
CHRONIC
41
Muscle aches
CHRONIC
42
Tiredness
CHRONIC
43
Decrease appetite and weightloss
CHRONIC
44
All of the genome of hepatitis virus is of RNA except (?) that is DNA.
hepatitis B
45
For the transmission, all of the hepatitis virus is transmitted (?), except hepatitis A and E which are transmitted (?).
parenteral, sexual, or perinatal fecal, and oral route
46
For the progression to chronic state, all of the hepatitis virus can except (?) which is only in acute state
hepatitis A and E
47
Note: For hepatitis D, it will not exist if the patient does not
hepatis B
48
is a co-infection or super infection of hepatitis B
Hepatis D
49
For the screening test (ST) for the diagnosis of HBV, take note this is blood test particularly we use
serum
50
For ST most of the tests have already
high sensitivity
51
Category 1:
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
52
Category 2:
Rapid test kits
53
- so this is what we test when it comes to screening test.
Hepatitis markers
54
Only (?) is NOT detectable in blood. We can detect them in biopsy.
HBcAg (Hepatitis B Core Antigen)
55
So in order to test for the presence of HBcAg we need to do (?). But when it comes to blood testing, it is not detectable.
liver biopsy
56
- done only by National Reference Laboratories (NRL) or other big hospitals that was accredited by our NRL.
Neutralization test
57
Take note that NRL when it comes to serological test will be
San Lazaro Hospital (RA 4688).
58
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR HBV
Neutralization test
59
- This test is performed when we are going to monitor the course of infection for HBV or when we give treatment for patients having HBV, we need to monitor their viral load.
HBV Viral Load
60
MONITORING TESTS
HBV Viral Load Real time PCR
61
- number of the virus that is present in our body.
Viral load
62
- can detect as few as 10 copies of HBV DNA per mL
Real time PCR
63
considered as a sensitive test for HBV
Real time PCR
64
What we are testing under the screening test will be the
serological markers
65
– it is an indicator that the patient has an active Hepatitis B infection, if the HBsAg is positive it indicates that the patient has an active Heptitis B
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
66
– active hepatitis B with high degree of infectivity
Hepatitis B Envelope antigen
67
- antibody against core, core will not be tested but can be only detectable using biopsy
IgM anti-HBe
68
It indicates that the patient has current or recent Acute Hepatitis B
IgM anti-HBe
69
– Current or past Hepatitis B
Total anti-HBe
70
– recovery from hepatitis B
Anti- HBe
71
– Immunity to hepatits B
Anti-HBs
72
– Acute, atypical, or occult hepatitis B
HBV DNA
73
viral load may be used to monitor effectiveness of therapy
HBV DNA
74
– Performed hand in hand, together with clinical chemistry test.
ALT ENZYME
75
HBsAg - HBeAg - AntiHBcIgM - AntiHBcIgG + AntiHbe + AntiHbs + ALT Normal
Convalescence – the patient is healing
76
HBsAg - HBeAg - AntiHBcIgM - AntiHBcIgG + AntiHbe - AntiHbs + ALT Normal
Past HBV infection with immunity (why past? – because AntiHBc IgG and Anti-Hbs is present)
77
HBsAg - HBeAg - AntiHBcIgM - AntiHBcIgG - AntiHbe - AntiHbs - ALT Normal
Immunization with Hepatitis B vaccine

IMMUNE1 LAB MIDTERM AND FINALS (16 decks)

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