Eyes

Question 1

The complete eye exam includes

Answer 1

History
Distant exam
PE
Schirmer’s tear test (STT)
Application of mydriatic (atropine) – sometimes contraindicated
Application of a topical anaesthetic (Alcaine)
Ocular exam
Intraocular pressure test (IOP)
Fluorescein stain
Other diagnostics as indicated

Question 2

Blepheritis means

Answer 2

Inflammtion

Question 3

Blephospasm means

Answer 3

Pain
Light sensitivity, squinting

Question 4

Entropion is

Answer 4

a condition in which your eyelid turns inward so that your eyelashes and skin rub against the eye surface

Question 5

Complication of entropion

Answer 5

lashes/hair rub on surface of eye
Cause trauma
May need surgical correction
Avoid breeding

Question 6

Ectropion menas

Answer 6

Excess drooping of the lower lid

Question 7

Medial canthal syndrome (aka brachycephalic ocular syndrome) includes what eye issues

Answer 7

Medial entropion
Chronic irritation → chronic keratitis
Non functional lacrimal ducts
+/- exophthalmos
Can cause pigmentation of the cornea and will start to cover the whole eye
There is a surgical correction

Question 8

Prolapse of the 3rd eyelid treatment is

Answer 8

cherry eye
Surgical replacement has 70% prognosis
Surgical resection is only a last resort

Question 9

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is caused by

Answer 9

Decreased production of the serous component of tears
Inflammation or iatrogenic causes

Question 10

Schrimer tear test (STT) is and the common results are

Answer 10

Measures tear production
>15 mm/min is normal in dogs
Not that useful in cats

Lack of tears → increased risk of trauma to the corneal surface and infection

Question 11

Conjunctivitis is and caused by

Answer 11

Inflammation of the palpebral and/or bulbar conjunctiva
Many underlying causes

Question 12

Exophthalmos looks like

Answer 12

Eyes are buldgy

Question 13

Exophthalmia is common in what breeds

Answer 13

Brachycephalic : shih Tzeus, boston terriers, pugs, chihuahuas

Question 14

Complications of exophthalmia

Answer 14

The globe is not protected
Cornea has increased risk of drying
Easy to traumatize/scratch the eye
Less physical support → increased risk of being displaced

Question 15

How to prevent eye damage

Answer 15

Lubricate the globes
Don’t stick head out of car window
Avoid sharp hits to back of head
Selective breeding

Question 16

Proptosis is and caused by

Answer 16

Forward displacement of the eyeball
Pressure behind the eyeball, the back of the skull or around the skull
Higher risk in exophthalmic animals
Proptosis is an emergency

Question 17

How do you fix an proptosis

Answer 17

Keep eyeball moist
Lube
Clean we towel
Get to the vet
Surgical replacement if globe is healthy, visual and enough muscles are intact
Enucleation if eye damage/dried out, not visual; too many muscles are severed

Question 18

Keratitis is and looks like

Answer 18

Inflammation of the cornea
May appear red due to blood vessel growth into the cornea
Chronic keratitis can appear dark due to pigmented scar tissues
Can use dog goggles if chronic superficial pigmentary keratitis

Question 19

Corneal ulcer is and causes

Answer 19

Ulcer = a full thickness lesion of the epithelial layer of the cornea
Causes inflammation

Question 20

What are the risk factors for corneal ulcers

Answer 20

Exophthalmia
Dry eye
Entropion

Question 21

What are the types of corneal ulcers

Answer 21

Simple corneal ulcer is just a superficial wound of the cornea
Indolent ulcer
- Non healing
- Common
- May only be diagnosed by rechecking the eye
complex/deep corneal ulcer
Herpesvirus dendritic ulcer

Question 22

What are common complications with corneal ulcers

Answer 22

Inflammation of the anterior chambers (uveitis and possibly glaucoma)
Perforation of the cornea
Becomes melting ulcer

Question 23

What is the treatment and prognosis with corneal ulcers

Answer 23

Depends on the type of ulcer that is present
Ranges from topical eye drops to conjunctival graft surgery to enucleation
Requires follow up
Make sure animal does not damage the eye any further
Prognosis depends on type of ulcer

Question 24

Fluorescein stain is used for

Answer 24

Test for integrity of the corneal surface

Question 25

Lenticular sclerosis is and caused by

Answer 25

“Lens” + “Hardening” Age related Minimal effect on vision Kind of looks like a cataract NOT a cataract

Question 26

Cataracts are and look like

Answer 26

Pathological crystallization of the lens proteins that BLOCKS LIGHT from reaching the retina Part or all of the lens may be affected

Question 27

What are the causes of cataracts

Answer 27

genetics/breed Prior to trauma to the lens Diabetes mellitus in dogs

Question 28

What is the prognosis with cataracts

Answer 28

Can see around small cataracts Often a chronic progressive condition complete/mature cataracts block vision Very advanced cataracts can cause inflammation (lens induced uveitis) → glaucoma

Question 29

Uveitis is

Answer 29

Inflammation within the eye, including the uvea Same day emergency

Question 30

How do you know its uveitis

Answer 30

Golden retriever with sudden “red eye” White or red inside the eye Pupil is abnormal (e.g. very constricted) and eye is painful Corneal ulcer that is not resolving – likely to also have uveitis

Question 31

What does intraocular pressure test do

Answer 31

Testing the fluid pressure inside the eye Measure of inflammation (uveitis) and glaucoma

Question 32

Glaucoma is

Answer 32

Increased intraocular pressure

Question 33

What causes glaucoma

Answer 33

diopathic, congenital Any inflammation (trauma, disease)... Anything that blocks aqueous humor fluid exiting the anterior chamber Inflammatory cells, RBCs, lens that has dislocated, neoplasia

Question 34

What does glaucoma cause

Answer 34

Increases pressure within the eye Increased pressure starts crushing internal eye structures Severe pain and potential blindness Crushes optic nerve Damages retina

Question 35

How do you recognize acute glaucoma

Answer 35

MEDICAL EMERGENCY – SEE NOW! Eye is large; appears to stick out Eye is big and red Eye is hazy/”blue” Acutely blind Pupil is dilated, very painful red eye Recently seen for an eye problem – ex. Uveitis

Question 36

What are the causes of blindness or vision loss

Answer 36

Light can not reach the retina - Cataracts, pigmentary keratitis Retinal pathology - Congenital disorders, degenerative conditions, retinal detachment Optic nerve pathology - Infection ,trauma, inflammation, glaucoma, compression, neoplasia Central blindness

Question 37

What causes central blidness

Answer 37

Cortical blindness, cerebral blindness Damage to the visual cortex Vision loss can indicate brian trauma

Question 38

What are common ocualr neoplasias

Answer 38

Eyelids, conjunctiva, globe and retrobulbar Squamous cell carcinoma Tarsal gland tumors Papillomas Lymphoma Melanoma Nasal adenocarcinoma Others

Question 39

What are some common rules when giving eye medications

Answer 39

Go over each medication with the owner Write it down for the owner Drops first; ointments last Avoid touching the eye 5 minutes between medication after eye drops are administered, 20 minutes after ointments At recheck examinations go over how each medication was administered (frequency and order) Never use iodine or alcohol around the eye

Question 40

What eye things are emergencies

Answer 40

Sticking out BIG Bleeding Sudden blindness Red eye Clouding of the cornea