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Resp disease Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Respiratory disease

A

URT vs LRT
Mechanical
Collapsing trachea, brachycephalic syndrome
Allergic disease
Hay fever, asthma
Infectious diseases
Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) complex (previously kennel cough), k9 influenza, FURD
Conditions that prevent inflation and air exchange
Recognizing resp emergencies

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2
Q

Atelectasis is

A

The collapse of part or all of a lung

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3
Q

Hemothorax is

A

Blood in pleural space

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4
Q

Plural effusion is

A

Fluid around the lung; in the pleural space

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5
Q

Pneumonia is

A

Inflammation of the lungs
Edema of the alveolar walls= thickening inflammatory cells move to the alveol

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6
Q

Pneumothorax is

A

A collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural space

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7
Q

Pulmonary edema is

A

Fluid accumulation in the alveoli

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8
Q

Tracheal collapse is

A

Mechanical condition do to makeup of the cartilage
Likely due to a genetic component
Can be anywhere in the trachea, all the way down into the lungs

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9
Q

Presentation of tracheal collapse

A

Can be incidental finding on a wellness exam
History of coughing
Often confused with kennel cough
Check if went to kennel; occurs during excitement
Can be resp distress- EMERGENCY

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10
Q

Treatment for tracheal collapse

A

Depends on the dog, severity of clinical signs and location of the tracheal collapse (intra vs extrathoracic)
Keep the patient calm
Cough suppressants
Stent
Emergency treatment
Sedation, bronchodilators, oxygen support

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11
Q

Prevention of tracheal collapse

A

Harness for walks- small breeds
Dental hygiene
Bordetella vaccination
Maintain at an ideal BCS
Responsible breeding
Avoid overheating
Controlled activity/excitement in severe cases

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12
Q

Anesthesia in an animal with tracheal collapse

A

Careful with ETT size selection
Ensure tube size is large enough
Intubation may exacerbate collapse distal to the ETT
Watch capnograph and oxygenation closely
Animals with severe tracheal collapse are at a high to very high anesthetic risk

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13
Q

Brachycephalic syndrome is and signalment

A

These animals have a mechanical resp condition
Signalment
Smooshy faced dogs and cats
English bulldogs, frenchies, pugs, pekingese, bostons
Himalayans, persians
Clinical signs are largely due to facial confirmation

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14
Q

Brachycephalic syndrome animals have what

A

Elongated soft palate
+ thickened tongue
+ stenotic nares
+ hypoplastic trachea
+/- everted laryngeal saccules
Decreased air flow

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15
Q

Brachycephalic syndrome CS

A

Noisy breathing, especially on inspiration- stertor
Retching or gagging when swallowing
Constant open mouth breathing
Exercise intolerance
Cyanosis
Collapse

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16
Q

Brachycephalic syndrome treatment and prevention

A

Responsible breeding
Weight control
Harness instead of collar
Prevent overheating
Surgical correction
Stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules

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17
Q

Complications of brachycephalics

A

Obesity- will make the clinical presentation worse
Increased risk of heat stroke
Risk cardiac disease
High risk of asphyxiation under sedation and GA
Watch from sedation until fully recovered
Is some brachycephalic, once they are awake, you can deflate the cuff, untie the tube and leave the tube in the airway. This keeps airway open but allows them to pull out the tube it it is causing a gag response

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18
Q

Allergic airway disease

A

Upper airway: allergic rhinotracheitis (hay fever)
Lower airway: asthma
Allergens
Antigens don’t cause harm BUT they turn on the immune system
Specific = always the same triggers

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19
Q

Allergic rhinotracheitis can affect

A

Eyes
Nose
Throat
Trachea
Caused by environmental allergens- often seasonal

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20
Q

Allergic rhinotracheitis treatment

A

Antihistamines
Allergen avoidance
Washing, keeping indoors, clean home
Sensitization
Injections manufactured for the specific pet

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21
Q

Changes in the airway during inflammation of allergic rhinotracheitis

Study These Flashcards
A

Changes that cause narrowing of airway
More mucus; thicker mucus
Swelling of the mucosa
Bronchoconstriction = narrowing of airways
Changes that decrease air exchange
Increased inflammatory cells
Increased fluid
Decreased elasticity over time

22
Q

Feline asthma Clinical signs

Study These Flashcards
A

cough/gag (often mistaken for a hairball)
Wheezing
Lethargic
Exercise intolerance

23
Q

Feline asthma pathology

Study These Flashcards
A

Allergen triggers immune response
Major results of inflammation during an asthma episode
Increased mucus secretion
Thickening of mucosa
Bronchoconstriction
Fluid and increased cells in alveoli
Decreased air movement; decreased air exchange

24
Q

Treatment/prevention of feline asthma

Study These Flashcards
A

Drugs
Antihistamines
Steroids
Bronchodilators
Environmental control
Allergen avoidance
dust/particle/smoke avoidance
Oxygen support

25
Infectious resp disease LRT defenses
Mucociliary elevator- traps and removes antigen Pulmonary macrophages- digest what gets though
26
Resp disease triad is
Environmental factors Cold, dust, smoke Overcrowding Mixing Infectious organisms Patient factors Vaccination status Immune system Overall health; other diseases
27
Canine infectious respiratory disease complex is and caused by
Kennel cough Infectious tracheobronchitis Infectious organism Canine adenovirus 2 Parainfluenza Bordetella bronchiseptica Can be the primary pathogen Usually a secondary infection
28
Where can CIRD be contracted
Doggy daycare Groomers Kennel Hygiene Crowding Temp
29
What is more susceptible to CIRD
Potential health status Prior vaccination Upper airway condition Lower airway condition Immune suppression
30
Pathophysiology of CIRD
The virus(es) infect the URT The virus and the inflammatory response cause damage to the URT Also results in damage to the mucosa and mucociliary elevator Secondary infections- Bordetella bronchiseptica Secondary infectious increase severity of c/s Increased risk of spread to LRT
31
Signs of CIRD
Hacking cough Dry cough Gag
32
DDX or CIRD
Esophageal choke Collapsing trachea Kennel cough Oropharyngeal foreign body
33
Treatment of CIRD
Isolation- extremely infectious! Nursing care- rest, humidified air, maintain hydration status Antitussives- controversial Antibiotics if the patient develops pneumonia
34
Prevention of CIRD
DA2PP Core vaccine Adenovirus-2 + parainfleunza Bordetella (aka kennel cough) Non core vaccine Bordatella bronchiseptica + or - Adenovirus-2 + or - Parainfluenza
35
3 types of bordatella vaccines
Live intranasal vaccine Live oral vaccine Killed injectable vaccine
36
K9 influenza
New disease as of 2004 Most common in race dogs Started in california
37
FURD is
Feline herpes virus Can also affect the eyes Feline calicivirus Can also affect the mouth Both can cause chronic, latent infections
38
Pathophysiology of FURD
Very contagious One or more viruses may be involved Infects and causes damage to the URT
39
CS of FURD
Coughing Sneezing Runny nose (clear or cloudy d/c) Runny eyes Fever Depression Anorexia
40
Complications with FURD
Secondary bacterial pneumonia Severe corneal ulcers Severe stomatitis/oral ulcerations Latent infections
41
Pathology of FURD
Nasal turbinate destruction with chronic infection Stomatitis and oral ulcers due to calicivirus Herpes virus keratoconjunctivitis
42
Prevention of FURD
Vaccinate FVRCP vaccine at 8+12+16 weeks +1 year and so forth Shelter may vaccinate q2w in kittens Isolate Disinfection Calicivirus is very hard to destroy
43
Pneumonia is
Inflammation Most common cause is infection Virus, bacteria, fungus
44
inflammation causes of pneumonia
Bronchoconstriction Increased bronchiolar secretions Thickening of alveoli Fluid in alveoli Chronic fibrosis
45
Aspiration Pneumonia
Inhalation pneumonia Liquid or solid Often inhalation of contents from mouth or stomach
46
Risk factors of aspiration pneumonia
Aspiration while under GA Forced aspiration Chronic regurgitation/vomit Cleft palate, oronasal fistula
47
Consequences of aspiration pneumonia
inflammation= aspiration pneumonia Bacterial Chemical irritation Asphyxiation If large volume is aspirated
48
Prevention of aspiration pneumonia
Anesthesia Fasting Appropriate ETT sizing, inflation of the cuff Timing of ETT removal Patient positioning during GA and recovery Treat primary cause of vomiting or regurgitation Stomach tubing and force feeding
49
Use of a stomach tube
Premeasure tube from the tip of the nose to the last rib Pass tube when the animal swallows Watch for coughing Administer food or medication slowly Flush tube with water Pinch the tube to seal it before withdrawing it from the patient
50
Resp issues resulting in decreased ventilation
Airway obstruction Upper airway problems that prevent air getting to lungs Lungs won't inflate/deflate Something in the pleural space Fluid accumulates in the airways Prevents air exchange at the alveoli Aspiration, inflammation Physical damage Puncture, torsions, collapse
51
How to recognize a resp emergency
Cyanosis Open mouth breathing/choking Rapid breathing/breathing with abdominal involvement Chest appears full and is not moving Dyspnea with history of HBC, chest wound Dyspnea with abnormal lung sounds Dyspnea with history of CHF SpO2 <90%
52
Response to resp emergency
Call the vet Conscious -100% O2 by mask or oxygen chamber Unconscious- intubate and deliver 100% O2

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