Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Animal disease 2 > Urogenital tract > Flashcards

Urogenital tract Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Urogenital tract

A

Upper UGT- kidneys and ureters
Lower UGT- bladder and urethra
The upper urogenital tract is always sterile and introduction of bacteria can cause significant disease
Conditions affecting the UGT are common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conditions may be what for urogenital tract disease

A

Congenital
Acquired
Degenerative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reproductive tract

A

Less emphasis on this in small animal medicine– most animals are spayed/neutered
Prostate and testicles in male dogs
Uterus in females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acute renal failure

A

Damage to the kidneys occurs over hours to days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acute renal failure can be caused by

A

Anything that decreases renal perfusion- shock, dehydration, hypotension
Anything that causes direct harm to the kidneys - trauma, infection, toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathological changes with acute renal failure

A

Damage to nephron unit
Loss of filtration
Ultimately,
Build-up of toxins
Uremia
Acidosis
Dehydration
Eventually the kidneys shut- down causing anuria (no urine production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is ARF an emergency and why

A

ARF is an emergency
ARF is potentially fatal depending on the cause and amount of damage that has already occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

History with ARF

A

Drugs: NSAIDs, aminoglycoside antibiotics
Toxins: Anti-freeze, lilies
Risk of infection, recent dehydration, hypotension (including during a GA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatment with ARF

A

Remove toxins
Treat infection if present
FLUIDS
Flush kidneys of toxins
Restore renal blood flow
Restore hydration
Balance losses (input MUST equal output)
Twice daily weight check
Balance input and output
Watch for fluid overload (altered distribution and risk of anuria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prognosis with ARF

A

Depends on underlying cause–poor to guarded
The kidneys have a poor regenerative capacity
Healthy kidney will compensate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lily toxicosis is and only affects what

A

Cats
Renal toxin
All parts of the plant are toxic
1 leaf can be fatal to a cat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How fast is lily toxicosis

A

2-6 hours – toxicity starts
12-18 h – kidney damage occurs
3-7 days – death from ARF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treatment and response with lily toxicosis

A

Always treat as emergency
Induce vomiting (<4h since ingestion)
Start emergency detoxification
IV fluids
Detoxification with activated charcoal
Renal support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity is caused by and common in

A

Tastes sweet
Increased risk if it is the only available liquid in the Winter
Dogs, cats, (cattle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is ethylene glycol toxicity going to happen

A

Dogs: <1 tsp/kg
Cats: ¼ tsp/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Effects of ethylene glycol toxicity

A

Alcohol toxicity (immediate)
Vomiting, PUPD
Acidosis, dehydration (3h)
Calcium oxalate crystal formation causing acute kidney damage (12 h)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is ethylene glycol toxicity an emergency

A

EMERGENCY: rapidly fatal from ARF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity

A

If ingestion has occurred within the past 2 hours
Induce vomiting
Activated charcoal
IV fluids
Antidote- IV vodka

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chronic renal failure is common in

A

Age-related
Cats >10y; Dogs >8y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Progression of CRF

A

IRIS STAGING SYSTEM
Stage 1– renal insufficiency
Stage 2– start prevention
Stage 3 – clinical signs related to water loss and urea
Stage 4– end stage, requires hospitalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Complications with CRF

A

Dehydration
Acidosis
Ulcerative lesions–mouth, GIT
Hypertension→retinal detachment→sudden onset of blindness
ANEMIA
Loss of EPO production
EPO is the hormone that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow
Hypercalcemia
Proteinuria
Hyperphosphatemia and hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment of CRF

A

Will eventually die–this is a progressive disease
Supportive care only
Fluids
Low protein diet→decreased uremia
GI protectants, antiemetics…
Other….

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prognosis of CRF

Study These Flashcards
A

Death in
Cats 1-5y
Dogs 6mo–2 y

24
Q

Tech notes with CRF

Study These Flashcards
A

Animals with CRF are at a higher risk of adverse reactions for most drugs including general anesthesia
Many drugs are contra-indicated
GA decreases blood flow to kidneys
Kidneys already at risk
Assume most geriatrics have some degree of CKD

25
Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is and common in
(Estrogen-Dependent Urinary Incontinence) (Hormone-Responsive Urinary Incontinence) Incontinence– Lack of control of micturition Older large breed females........ that have been spayed Problem = decreased estrogen Diagnosis by exclusion Lack of urethral sphincter tone
26
Treatment for USMI is and for how long
Treatment is for life Supplement with diethylstilbestrol (DES) or phenylpropanolamine (PPA) DES: initially once daily for 5 days then decrease to minimal effective dose (often every 7 days) Can suppress the bone marrow -aplastic anemia (erythropenia, possible thrombocytopenia and leukopenia) Annual blood work is recommended PPA: sympathomimetic- increases sympathetic tone
27
Treatment of USMI
Stilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol)- is often the treatment of choice for spayed, mature, female, dogs Initially once a day for 5 days and then usually only once a week so good compliance Estrogen can potentially suppress the bone marrow causing estrogen induced aplastic anaemia (manifested with low platelet counts, petechiation and ecchymotic lesions, bruising, very low RBC count, and even low WBC count) Annual blood work is required Phenylpropanolamine- another commonly used treatment option Available in liquid or tablet form Needs to be administered every 12 hours in most cases Can be used in males or immature dogs Can be used as a combination therapy with DES in poorly responsive cases Monitoring of blood work recommended $$
28
Inappropriate elimination for cats
Bad news for cats Over 100 000 cats enter shelter every year 50% of cats in shelter are euthanized Most common reason for relinquishing a cat to a shelter is inappropriate elimination
29
Reasons for inappropriate elimination
Aversion to Litterbox Type of litter Location of the litterbox Substrate preference Separation anxiety Medical management, litter box makeover and environmental enrichment are all importanti in improving the issue Most commonly more then one is the cause
30
UTI is
Bacteria most common Ascending from exterior Skin or feces; distal urethra More common in females than males Males usually have an underlying pathology
31
Risk factors for UTI
Sphincter incontinence UGT abnormalities Indweling u-catheter Crystalluria/ urolithiasis Decreased frequency of urination Diabetes mellitus Prostate /uterine infection Estrus
32
Presenting signs with UTI
Inappropriate urination Stranguria, pollakiuria Hematuria, cloudy urine, licking ant prepuce or vulva Sometimes will have no observable signs until systemic disease is present
33
Diagnosis of UTI
Gold standard for diagnosis is urinalysis on urine collected by aseptic technique (cystocentesis) Ask owners to not let the animal urinate for a couple hours prior to the appointment In-clinic microscopy Culture and sensitivity- if recurrent infections or the animal is not responding to therapy
34
Treatment results for UTI
Resolution Recurrent Resistant If untreated, can lead to pyelonephritis
35
Pyometra is
INTACT female dogs and cats Bacterial infection of the uterus
36
What causes pyometra
Estrus Decreased immune responsiveness Relaxation of the cervix Mucosal hypertrophy E.coli > other
37
open pyometra is
Draining Less risk of rupture Easier to diagnose Better prognosis
38
Closed pyometra is
May not see outward signs Risk of necrosis/rupture causing bacteremia Poor prognosis if not caught early
39
Surgical treatment of pyometra
Ovariohysterectomy Treatment of choice for open and closed pyometra A higher risk surgery than healthy dog spay Significant risk of uterine rupture with closed pyometra
40
Medical management of pyometra
Open pyometra ONLY >50% recurrence rate with subsequent heat cycle if the animal is not bred Prostaglandins and antibiotics
41
Crystalluria means
crystals in urine
42
Urolithiasis means
stones in urine
43
Pahtology of crystalluria and uroliathiasis
Rub on bladder mucosa → inflammation Embeds in bladder mucosa → inflammation Obstruction of ureters or urethra Damage to kidney if renolith or ureterolith is present can male it difficult to resolve UTIs
44
Diagnosis and treatment of crystalluria and urolithiasis
Imaging Not all types of stones will show up on radiographs Ultrasonography Surgery - cystotomy Dissolution diet Analysing the stones/crystals is part of the diagnosis Types of stones determines course of treatment and long term prevention plan
45
Prevention of crystalluria and urolathiasis
Must do for life >70% recurrence rate Prescription diet Increased water intake Increase frequency and volume of urination Urine pH
46
Types of crystals/stones
Struvite- triple phosphate; Mg-ammonium phosphate Ca-oxalate Ammonium urate
47
Struvite is caused by and how to treat
Primary UTI Treat infection Dissolvable
48
Ca-oxalate is caused by and can they dissolve
Genetics (lack of nephrocalcin); diet high in Ca/VitD Diet and breeding Can’t dissolve
49
Ammonium urate is caused by and can they dissolve
Genetics (Dalmations); liver shunt Diet and breeding Can't dissolve
50
Presentation of FLUTD
Indoor, male cats Recognize these clinical signs Straining in litter box Vocalizing while urinating Lack of urine production Licking at prepuce/penis Inappropriate urination (dribbling, leaking) in a male cat
51
When is FLUTD an emergency
If blocked over 24 hours Uremia Acidosis Dehydration Hyperkalemia- which leads to bradycardia Can also cause urethral stricture Will lead to an increased risk of recurrent obstructions or permanent blockage
52
Obstructive FLUTD can be caused by
Stones Crystals (struvite or calcium oxalate) Mucus plugs Physical blockage of the urethra; can be unblocked Catheterization
53
Idiopathic cystitis is and caused by
Triggered by stress Males, indoor, overweight Inflammation of the bladder- without an obvious cause Swelling blocks urethra
54
Clinical signs of idiopathic cystitis
Pollakiuria Stranguria Hematuria Vocalizing in the litterbox
55
Idiopathic cystitis treatment
Anti-inflammatories? Omega 3 fatty acids? Anti Anxiety medications? Adequan? Environmental enrichment Minimize stress

Animal disease 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions