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Neoplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neoplasia

A

Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth

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2
Q

Transformation wit neoplasia is

A

This is how we describe a cell that can no longer control its own growth
The cell continues to replicate
Continued replication results in a neoplasia

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3
Q

What are the 3 causes of cell transformation into cancer

A

Genes that start cell replication are turned “ON”
Genes that stop cell replication are turned off “OFF”
More growth factors

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4
Q

What are genes with transformation altered by

A

Spontaneous mutation
Inherited mutation
DNA damage (UV light, radiation, chemicals)
Specific viruses - FeLV

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5
Q

How does transformation cause neoplasia

A

When a population of transformed cells results in abnormal tissue growth
In other words, the transformed cells snuck by the immune system and took off

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6
Q

What is a tumor

A

Population of well organized neoplastic cells
Grows into a “mass”
No way of knowing what type of mass it is just by looking at it

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7
Q

What does benign mean

A

Local; non invasive
Does not interfere with normal tissue function
Does NOT spread
“-oma”

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8
Q

What does malignant mean

A

“Cancer”
Will grow into surrounding; healthy tissue; invasive; destructive
Interferes with normal function
Can spread
“-sarcoma”,”-carcinoma”

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9
Q

Metastasis is

A

When a cancer spreads from its original location to distant locations
Property of some, but not all, cancers
Movement of cells via the blood or lymphatics
Produces secondary tumor sites
Lungs, liver, lymph nodes most common
Always a poorer prognosis

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10
Q

Common signalment of neoplasia

A

Older animals are at an increased risk of developing neoplasia
Due to accumulation of damage to DNA

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11
Q

Cachexia is

A

Chronic loss of body condition associated with severe chronic inflammation or cancer
One of the few clinical signs that is consistent with most cancers
Other clinical signs vary depending on tissue affected ad if benign/malignant/metastatic and degree of inflammation

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12
Q

How to diagnose cancer

A

FNA+cytology
excisional biopsy

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13
Q

What is an excisional biopsy

A

Surgical removal for diagnostic purposes
Gold standard

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14
Q

What is staging when it comes to neoplasia

A

A series of procedures that are carried out to provide information about cancer in a particular patient
To aid in the development of a treatment plan and prognosis

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15
Q

Staging answers what questions for neoplasia

A

How big
How fast is it growing
How much tissue destruction is ti causing
Metastasis

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16
Q

What are some ways to treat cancer

A

Surgical excision
Chemo
Radiation
Any combination of the above

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17
Q

What is surgical excision for neoplasia

A

Cutting it out
Tumor
Removal of the entire affected tissue/organ
Clean margins
Debulking

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18
Q

What is chemotherapy

A

Systemic drugs that target rapidly growing cells
Including bone marrow stem cells, immune cells
Best option if metastasized

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19
Q

How does radiation therapy work

A

Targeted radiation beam
Radiation damages DNA until cells cannot replicate

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20
Q

How do you choose treatment for cancer

A

Try to remove as much of the tumor as possible
First attempt ideal
Supportive care
Benefit vs risks
Metastatic vs local
Humane euthanasia is a form of treatment

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21
Q

Supportive care for neoplasia is

A

Pain control
Anti Inflammatories
Appetite stimulants
GI protectants
Cardio-protectants, antihistamines, supplements, splints, braces, nutrition, physical therapy, oxygen

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22
Q

Palliative care with neoplasia includes

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A

Treating the clinical signs without addressing the primary problem
Type of end of life care for cancer and other terminal diseases
Primary concern is quality of life
May include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, supportive or adjunctive therapies

23
Q

What is the prognosis with benign neoplasia

24
Q

What is the prognosis with malignant neoplasia

25
What is the prognosis with metastatic neoplsia
guarded
26
What does median survival time mean
Estimate of duration of life; how long the median animal survives in a given population How long dog #50 out of 99 lived Endpoint is death due to disease Includes euthanasia and death from disease Will walter depending on choice of treatment
27
Lipomas are
A fatty tissue collected just bello the skin Can be fully excised
28
Lymphosarcoma is and common in
Malignant, metastatic neoplasia of the lymphocytes Dogs- usually older animals Golden retriever, basset hound, st bernard, bernese mountain dogs (the “cancer” breeds) Can see in young and old cats The only cancer that is considered an emergency for purposes of rtreating
29
Lymphoma in cats is and common in
Seen in two distinct populations Young cats – often FeLV +’ve Older cats Kidneys, GIT, spleen, liver, lymph node and bone marrow involvement Cats with FeLV and FIV are at a higher predisposition of developing lymphosarcoma Treatment with chemotherapy
30
Where can lymphosarcoma be present
Submandibular Prescapular Axillary Inguinal Popliteal - back of thigh
31
How to treat lymphosarcoma
University of madison- wisconsin protocol -Multi-drug chemo treatment -Very expensive -MST from diagnosis is 12-14 mo remission Single drug chemo -Can be done in many general practices -MST from diagnosis is 5-8 mo Immunosuppressive prednisone therapy -Safer; not a chemo drug -MST from diagnosis is 2 mo No treatment - +/- palliation - MST from prognosis is less than 1 mo
32
Mast cell tumor is
the great mimicker” Mast cells Normal and transformed cells can look the same
33
How to grade mast cell tumors
1 - Slow growing, local -Can be resected and “cured” if local 2 (lo) - Similar to 1 2 (hi) - May have local spread - Can be resected; usually risk of metastasis 3 - Severe, rapidly growing and likely metastasized - Radiation +chemo; usually has a poor prognosis
34
What is hemangiosarcoma
Common in dogs Cancer of the blood vessel endothelial cells Weakens the wall → stretches → risk of rupture Can happen anywhere there are blood vessels Spleen Right atrium SQ Risk of metastasis?
35
What happens to patients with hemangiosarcoma
Risk of bleeding
36
Treatment of hemangiosarcoma
Often do not show clinical signs until a bleeding episode Can bleed out Lethargic, pale mm, distended abdomen, fluid wave, shock Shock rates of IVF Splenectomy – often palliative Blood transfusion
37
What happens in right atrium hemangiosarcoma
Weakened atrial wall Leak or burst Bleeding into pericardial sac Pericardial effusion Ventricular fibrillation Cardiogenic shock
38
Osteosarcoma is
Malignant bone tumor Long bones are more commonly affected Tibia, femur, humerus, radius Bony mass Lameness Pathological fracture Metastasis (over 90%)
39
Feline injection site sarcoma is
Sarcoma = cancerous neoplasia of fibrocytes Associated with injections Adjuvants FeLV vaccine Killed rabies vaccine 1/1 000 - 1/10 000 injections Delayed appearance (weeks to years after injection given) Genetic predisposition?
40
What are the characteristics of feline injection site sarcomas
Aggressive → locally invasive Moderate risk of metastasis Typically occur where the injection was given
41
Diagnosis of feline injection site sarcoma
Presentation: mass on cat Histopathology
42
How to treat feline injection site sarcomas
Surgical excision CT scan/MRI followed by surgical excision with wide margins
43
What was the thought of what to do with feline injection site sarcomas in the 90s
Hypothesis - Vaccine injections in the scruff cause sarcomas to occur at the scruff Problem - Cannot resect due to deep tissue invasion Recommendation - Give vaccine sin distal limb - Rabies (RHSQ): FeLV(LHSQ); FVRCP(LFSQ)
44
What is the new thoughts about injection site sarcomas
New hypothesis - Tumors are triggered by injections - No longer just vaccinations implicated Result - Need to record location for all injections in case of adverse reactions
45
Decreasing the risk of feline injection site sarcomas
Vaccinate cats based in risk for that cat Always record site and route of vaccine administration, avoid IM injections Identify “lumps” on cats Report vaccine reactions to manufacturer Do not vaccinate cats previously diagnosed with injection site sarcomas
46
When is testicular tumors common
Cryptorchid Inherited Certain breeds Abdominal and inguinal equally likely 5% of dogs with retained testicles develop neoplasia All species Middle aged
47
What causes testicular tumors
Different types of cells can transform Metastasis is uncommon - <15% for sertoli cell tumors and seminomas, less for interstitial cell tumors
48
Prevention of testicular tumors
How to prevent NEUTER, especially if cryptorchid Do not breed cryptorchid animals Cryptorchidism is inherited
49
Signalment of mammary neoplasia
Intact bitches/queens Animals that were spayed later in life Risk increases with age
50
Pathology of mammary neoplasia
Higher estrogen/progesterone levels Stimulates cell growth
51
What does mammary neoplasia look like
Multiple Mixed tumors Dogs 50% malignant Cats 90% malignant >50% metastasized Masectomy is needed
52
What are the post op complications with mammary neoplasia
LOTS Increased bleeding Inflammation Wound tension Dehiscence Pain Infection Dedicated follow up and nursing care
53
How. much risk are bitches to get mammary neoplasia
¼ to 1/20 intact mature females Spay before 1st estrus decreased 99.5% 1st and 2nd estrus decreased 92% 2nd and 3rd estrus decreased 60-75% After 3rd estrus not significant
54

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