Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Animal disease 2 > Small animal neurology > Flashcards

Small animal neurology Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Rabies virus is common where

A

Endemic in N. America
Some island nations are rabies free
Reservoir is in wildlife
Most common in bats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is rabies transmitted

A

Short-lived outside host
#1 cause of infection in dogs is contact with rabid wildlife
#1 cause in people worldwide is bite by rabid dog
Transmission from bats is becoming more common due to vaccination
Direct transmission
Bites
Saliva (MM, scratches, wounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How long does it take for rabies to get to the system

A

The virus get to the brain from the infection site between 3 weeks and 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the stages of rabies

A

Prodromal
- Change in behaviour, mild ADR
Excitation
- Furious form of rabies most obvious
- Aggressive/attack; hypersalivation
Paralytic
- Can also present with dumb form
- Ascending hind end paralysis (polyradiculoneuritis)
Eventually leads to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What will make you suspicious of rabies

A

Contact with wildlife (watch for urban bats)
Lack of vaccination
Changes in behaviour/aggression
Neurological signs
Hypersalivation, hind end neuropathy
Paresis (tremors), paralysis, seizures (fly biting seizures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you diagnose rabies

A

Diagnosis is made by POST-MORTEM examination of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you treat/prevent rabies

A

NO treatment in animals
Do treat all in contact people
“Post exposure prophylaxis”
Prevent in animals by vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the rabiess vaccine

A

Core
Import/export requirement
No provincial requirement in SK
Some municipalities may require that domestic animals be vaccinated for rabies
Regulated by CFIA
On label only
Administered by a licensed DVM
Proof of rabies vaccination
Proof of titers in animals is not equivalent to vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Do you report cases of rabies

A

Rabies is a federally reportable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where and how do you report rabies

A

Must report to CFIA
Indirect reporting
Saskatchewan rabies response program
Clinical assesses if rabies suspect
If yes, contact the RRAV (rabies risk assessment veterinarian)
RRAV contacts CFIA for instructions for that animal
RRAV will inform you of what steps to take )isolate, observe, euthanize and submit)
Of there was human contact, contact public health or 811
Of you are bit- immediately wash the wound with soap and water and see an MD ASAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the outcome with wildlife and rabeis

A

Euthanized- avoid trauma to the animals head
Contact a local conservation officer for testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to an animal with suspected rabies that is unvaccinated and has no bite

A

Unvaccinated; suspected rabies; no bite
Contact RRAV
Quarantine (1 week if any clinical signs; up to 6 mo)
Euthanize and test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to unvaccinated aniamls with a bite for rabies

A

Unvaccinated; suspect rabies; possible bite
Contact RRAV and quarantine animal
Will likely be ordered to euthanize and test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do you do for an animal with suspected rabies that is UTD on vaccines

A

Up to CFIA; more likely to monitor under quarantine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is rabies zoonotic and how

A

Zoonotic; fatal if not addressed
Public health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to prevent zoonotic transmission of rabies

A

Gloves and face shield
Dog bite prevention
Wash with soap and water; flush mucus membranes
Rabies vaccines
Preventative vaccine in people that are at an increased risk of coming into contact with infected animals
Dogs and cats; ferrets; horses; livestock
Post exposure prophylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is canine distemper virus

A

Highly contagious
Endemic in sk
Virus is stable in organic matter for up to 2y
Susceptible to heat and disinfectants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is distemper transmitted

A

aerosolization of infected bodily secretions, ingestion, direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who commonly gets distemper

A

Young dogs (3-6 months)- UNVACCINATED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How severe is distemper to unvaccinated

A

Clinical distemper- fatal neurological disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How severe is distemper with vaccinated dogs

A

> 99.9% protection from fatal disease
Mild self limiting gastroenteritis or upper resp disease
Can still shed the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is stage 1 of clinical distemper

A

Early (non neuro) stage
Opportunistic infections
V/D, inappetence
coughing/gagging
Ocular and nasal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is stage 2 of clinical distemper

A

Remission stage - virus becomes latent, asymptomatic for weeks to months
This stage does not always occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is stage 3 of clinical distemper

A

Neurological signs- virus infects brain and other neurons
Hyperkeratosis of footpads
Muscle wasting
Ataxia, circling
Blindness
Chewing gum seizures
Muscle rigidity to rigid paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How do you diagnose distemper
History– unvaccinated +/- exposure to unvaccinated animals Clinical signs Diagnostic Serum titers for antibodies Fluorescent antibody test for virus in tissues PCR
26
How do you treat distemper
Can not treat the condition, treat the symptoms
27
What is the prognosis of distemper
Poor - almost 100% fatal
28
How to prevent distemper
Vaccination
29
What is cerebral edema
Swelling of the brain
30
What can cause cerebral edema
Many causes Anything that causes inflammation Non-inflammatory causes Usually related to pressure build up
31
Common iatrogenic causes of cerebral edema include
Fluid overload Lack of oxygenation during GA
32
What is the pathophysioloy of cerebral edema
Fluid accumulation Limited size or cranium Causes increased pressure Compression Herniation (cerebellum, brainstem)
33
What are clinical signs of cerebral edema associated with
Associated with where in the brain compression or herniation occurs Ex Brainstem- drop in HR, RR, temp Cerebrum- changes in mentation or seizures Visual cortex- cortical blindness Cerebellum- vestibular signs
34
What are the common clinical signs of cerebral edema
Decreased mentation Lethargy → obtunded→ stupor→ coma Ataxia, hypermetria Rigid and extended limbs Seizures Ocular changes Dilated pupils, anisocoria(one pupil bigger than another) Abnormal nystagmus (vertical or rotational) Central blindness
35
How do you respond to possible cerebral edema
Get vet Check vitals IV catheter Fluids IV fluids if shock Stop fluids if fluid overload Emergency diuresis to remove extra fluid pressure Provide oxygen support Treat seizures, treat inflammation Diagnostics
36
What should you do if POSSIBLE signs of cerebral edema
Recognize as emergency Consider the change and the context in which it occurs Be smart If the clinical picture is subtle, but fits with the history of event , err on the side of caution
37
Other causes of compression and herniation are
Any time something extra is added to the cranium or intracranial space Cerebral edema Brain tumor Meningeal tumor Pituitary tumor Bleeding Pieces of cranium
38
What is ischemia and what does it cause
lack of blood flow Affects nutrients and oxygen delivery Neurons rapidly become damaged
39
What does hypoxia mean and what is it caused by
lack of oxygen May be caused by lack of blood flow, amount of Hgb, lack of oxygen, cant breath
40
What are the risk factors with cerebral hypoxia and ischemia
Any cause of decreased BP Any cause of decreased ventilation Increased risk with GA Risk is even greater if Bleeding Not on IV fluids Overdose certain drugs used in GA Lack of 100% O2
41
Wha is the prognosis with cerebral hypoxia and ischemia
Nerves in the CNS do not regenerate Cna form new connections
42
What are seizures and how are they dagnosed
Clinical signs Abnormal (usually increased) conductivity Lesion is in the cerebrum
43
What are common causes of seizures
Hypoglycemia ← easiest to test for Idiopathic epilepsy ← no diagnostic test available Any compression: edema (inflammation), tumor, bleeding, hydrocephalus, ischemia/hypoxia (inflammation), trauma Anatomical defect Infection Toxicity Insecticides Lead Strychnine Slug poison Many other causes
44
What are some common types of seizures
Grand mal Focal seizure Petit mal Status epilepticus Cluster seizures
45
What is status epilepticus
Series of seizures, the animal does not regain consciousness in between Single episode longer than 30 min
46
What are cluster seizures
More than one seizure within a 24 hour period Period of normal behaviour between each seizure episodes
47
What has idiopathic epilepsy
Dogs, all species Some breed predisposition
48
What are the 3 stages of seizures
Pre ictal Ictal (seizure) ← time this segment (less than 5 mins) Postictal ← less than 1 hour
49
When do you start treatment for seizures
Can be close together or years apart Usually progressive Start chronic treatment when More frequent More sever Longer duration
50
What are some history findings needed for seizures
When was the first one? Years, months, weeks? Describe from start to finish Common triggers/events Possible toxicity medications/drugs If already medicating, find out if any missed doses of medication, changes in diet or treated being given Diagnosis by ruling out other diseases Don't just focus on this one symptom
51
How do you treat seizures
Maintenance therapy Emergency drugs
52
What are maintenance therapy used for seizures
Life long No missed disease Goal is to decrease severity and frequency of episodes Does not eliminate seizures Phenobarbital Potassium bromide (KBr) Levetiracetam
53
What are emergency drugs for seizures
Stops current seizure Treatment of status epilepticus Prevents progression to status epilepticus or cluster seizures Given during or immediately following a seizure Diazepam IV phenobarbital Propofol
54
What should a seizure diary include
Owners to write down and track seizures Potential triggers Identify pre-ictal signs Duration of ictal period Frequency of seizures More frequent, longer duration, more severe?
55
How should you respond to a seizure
NPO- choke/aspiration hazard Do not attempt to place an IV Check BG- hypoglycemia? Emergency diazepam (Valium) Per rectum Repeat if still seizing after 15 minutes
56
What are the pathophysiology with insecticides
Normally, acetylcholine (Ach) is released and turns on the postsynaptic response Turns on muscle (if at a neuromuscular junction) Turns on neurons in the parasympathetic NS and CNS Normally, acetylcholinesterase is released into the space → degrades ACh → turns off response These drugs block acetylcholinesterase Muscles can't turn off, parasympathetic response stays on Turns up PSNS and causes resp paralysis
57
What is the pathology of insecticides
Increase parasympathetic response → respiratory, CV depression Rigid paralysis – paralyzed resp muscles Increased transmission in the brain → seizures→ coma
58
What is IVDD
Intervertebral disk disease Slipped disk, ruptured disk, prolapsed disk “Back dogs”
59
What is the pathophysiology of IVDD
Intervertebral disc hardens or weakens Sudden force causes it to rupture or shift Degenerative change If the disk material prolapses dorsally, it pushes against the spinal cord Compresses the nerves causing pain and prevents their proper function
60
What breeds are predisposed to IVDD
Dachshund Basset hounds Corgi French bulldog Shih tzu
61
What is acute IVDD and what is the response
Emergency Usually traumatic VERY painful +/- neurological signs Ataxia Paralysis
62
What does chronic IVDD look like
Degenerative Possible prior injury Usually less pain or neuro effects at the time of initial diagnosis
63
When is IVDD an emergency
Acute pain Acute neurological signs Acute ataxia Acute paresis or paralysis Listed for Traumatic event “All of a sudden…” Chronic IVDD is not an emergency
64
How should you handle a dog with IVDD
Handle with care Painful May require a muzzle Will require analgesic Watch out when handling to not cause further disk rupture Do not apply pressure to affected area NO COLLARS Support body area affected
65
How do you treat and prevent IVDD
Depends on area affected and severity of clinical signs Medical management Surgical repair Weight control in high risk breeds Limit jumping on and off of furniture, steps… Strict cage rest up to 8 weeks, not a kennel run a kennel
66
What is wobblers syndrome
Cervical IVDD or narrowed vertebral canal Large and giant breeds Dobermans- mean 6yo Great danes - mean 3yo
67

Animal disease 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions