fancy AI test Flashcards by Claire Jamieson

In a patient with muscular dystrophy (MD), the formation of complement-activated membrane
attack complexes (MAC complexes) has been observed in affected muscle cells. [cite_start]The
formation of these MAC complexes is directly initiated when which active complement protein
binds to the cell membrane? [cite: 1334, 1335]
A. C1q
B. C2b
C. C3a
D. C5b

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[cite_start]Which of the following conditions is characterized by decreased numbers of all
types of blood cells? [cite: 372]
A. multiple myeloma
B. polycythemia vera
C. acute lymphoblastic leukemia
D. aplastic anemia

—-
Explanation: Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, resulting in a decrease of all blood cell types.

Key points about the other options:
A. multiple myeloma:
This is a type of cancer that primarily affects plasma cells, which are white blood cells. While it can lead to decreased white blood cell counts, it typically doesn’t significantly impact red blood cells or platelets.

B. polycythemia vera:
This condition is characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells, often accompanied by elevated levels of other blood cells as well.

C. acute lymphoblastic leukemia:
This is a type of leukemia that primarily affects white blood cells, leading to high levels of abnormal white blood cells but not necessarily a decrease in other blood cell types.

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[cite_start]The membranous interventricular septum is normally formed by the: [cite: 1005,
1009]
A. sinus venosus
B. septum primum
C. septum secundum
D. endocardial cushions

——

Explanation:
The membranous interventricular septum is the part of the septum that separates the left and right ventricles and is formed by the fusion of tissue from the endocardial cushions. These cushions are thickened masses of tissue within the developing heart that eventually grow together to form the septum.

Why other options are incorrect:
A. sinus venosus:
The sinus venosus is the earliest embryonic structure involved in blood circulation. It is not directly involved in the formation of the interventricular septum. The sinus venosus eventually becomes incorporated into the right atrium.

B. septum primum:
The septum primum is a structure that forms within the atrium, dividing it into the right and left atria. While the septum primum is important for atrial septation, it does not contribute to the formation of the interventricular septum.

C. septum secundum:
Like the septum primum, the septum secundum is involved in the development of the atrial septum. It grows over the foramen ovale, partially closing it off. The septum secundum has no role in the formation of the interventricular septum

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[cite_start]Which of the following is a function of VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein)? [cite:
1064, 1068]
A. transport of dietary lipids
B. transport of cholesterol to the liver
C. transport of triglycerides to the liver
D. removal of triglycerides from the liver

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[cite_start]Which infectious dermatological disease is caused by Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus? [cite: 499]
A. cellulitis
B. impetigo
C. MRSA
D. erysipelas

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[cite_start]What is the etiology of Gilbert syndrome? [cite: 1031, 1033]
A. a genetic absence of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
B. a genetic decrease in hepatic levels of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
C. immature hepatic processing, causing deficient conjugation of bilirubin
D. a deficiency of canalicular membrane transporters of bilirubin glucuronide

Gilbert syndrome is caused by a genetic mutation in the UGT1A1 gene, which leads to decreased production of the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), resulting in impaired bilirubin conjugation and elevated unconjugated bilirubin levels in the bloo

Gilbert’s syndrome is a common, inherited liver condition that prevents the body from processing bilirubin, a yellowish waste product from broken down red blood cells. This causes bilirubin levels to rise in the blood, resulting in a mild increase in a yellow pigment in the skin and eyes, also known as jaundice.

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[cite_start]Which of the following is a benign condition of the breast? [cite: 796, 797]
A. Paget disease of the breast
B. lobular carcinoma
C. fibroadenoma
D. ductal carcinoma

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[cite_start]In the pathogenesis of PKU (phenylketonuria), what cannot be converted into
what? [cite: 1213, 1217]
A. serine; phenylalanine
B. phenylalanine; serine
C. tyrosine; phenylalanine
D. phenylalanine; tyrosine

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[cite_start]Which of the following is an example of an infectious gastrointestinal disease?
[cite: 349]
A. achlorhydria
B. cholecystitis
C. enterocolitis
D. diverticular disease

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[cite_start]If a patient has a right-to-left shunt, what would be the consequence? [cite: 1016]
A. cyanosis
B. left heart failure
C. hypertrophy of the left ventricle
D. re-opening of the foramen ovale

: A right-to-left shunt means deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart bypasses the lungs and mixes with oxygenated blood in the left side, resulting in decreased oxygen saturation and the bluish discoloration of the skin known as cyanosis

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[cite_start]In a patient with Goodpasture syndrome, what pathological change is most likely
to occur? [cite: 1267]
A. IgA deposition in the mesangium
B. immune-complex deposition on both sides of basement membrane
C. anti-GBM antibody deposition in the glomerular basement membrane
D. loss of foot processes without morphological changes in the glomeruli

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[cite_start]Which of the following is a type of acquired immunodeficiency disease? [cite: 420,
421]
A. DiGeorge syndrome
B. selective IgA deficiency
C. X-linked agammaglobulinemia
D. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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[cite_start]What is the principal cation found in intracellular fluid that is beneficial in the
treatment of hypertension? [cite: 1095, 1096, 1100]
A. zinc
B. sodium
C. calcium
D. potassium

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[cite_start]What is the principal cation found in intracellular fluid that is beneficial in the
treatment of hypertension? [cite: 1095, 1096, 1100]
A. zinc
B. sodium
C. calcium
D. potassium

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[cite_start]Which of the following is a type of pulmonary vascular disease? [cite: 706]
A. sarcoidosis
B. bronchiectasis
C. pulmonary edema
D. obstructive atelectasis

Explanation: Pulmonary edema refers to a condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs, which is considered a type of pulmonary vascular disease.
Key points about the other options:
Sarcoidosis:
This is a lung disease where inflammatory granulomas form, but it primarily affects the lung tissue itself, not the blood vessels.
Bronchiectasis:
This is a condition characterized by enlarged and dilated airways, which is a type of obstructive lung disease, not a pulmonary vascular disease.
Obstructive atelectasis:
This refers to a collapsed lung due to a blockage, again not related to the blood vessels in the lungs.

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[cite_start]Which of the following is a congenital heart condition? [cite: 190, 192]
A. aortic stenosis
B. endocarditis
C. patent ductus arteriosus
D. myocardial infarction

Causes blood flow from aorta to pulmonary artery creasing a left to right shunt

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The adrenal gland is an endocrine organ. [cite_start]Which of the following is a disease of
hyperfunction of the adrenal gland? [cite: 243, 244]
A. Addison disease
B. Conn syndrome
C. infectious thyroiditis
D. empty sella syndrome

—-
occurs when the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone, a hormone that regulates blood pressure by balancing potassium and sodium. This excess causes the body to retain sodium and lose potassium, leading to high blood pressure. PA is the most common form of secondary hypertension and is most prevalent in people aged 30–50.

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[cite_start]The lamina propria of the stomach is histologically classified as what type of
tissue? [cite: 1135, 1136, 1139]
A. glandular epithelium
B. simple columnar epithelium
C. loose areolar connective tissue
D. dense irregular connective tissue

Explanation: The lamina propria is a layer of loose connective tissue that underlies the epithelium in the stomach mucosa, and is characterized by its sparse collagen fibers and a matrix containing blood vessels, nerves, and other cells.
.
B. simple columnar epithelium:
Simple columnar epithelium is the type of epithelial lining the stomach surface, but the lamina propria is the connective tissue layer beneath it.

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[cite_start]In the lung of a patient who has bacterial bronchopneumonia, which morphologic
changes are most likely to be present? [cite: 1238, 1242]
A. total lobar fibrinosuppurative consolidation
B. inflammatory changes confined within edematous alveolar septa
C. inflammatory changes in the alveoli with the presence of hyaline membranes
D. patchy consolidated areas of acute suppurative inflammation in one or more lobes

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[cite_start]Which of the following conditions is an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease?
[cite: 316, 318]
A. achalasia
B. cholelithiasis
C. Barrett esophagus
D. pyloric stenosis

Explanation: Barrett’s esophagus is a condition where the lining of the esophagus changes due to chronic inflammation caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is considered an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease.

Why other options are incorrect:
Achalasia:
This is a motility disorder of the esophagus where the muscle doesn’t relax properly, leading to difficulty swallowing. While it can cause inflammation in the esophagus due to food retention, it’s not primarily classified as an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease.

Cholelithiasis:
This refers to the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder. While gallstones can lead to inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), the primary condition is the presence of the gallstones, not an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease.

Pyloric stenosis:
This is a narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the small intestine, which can cause obstruction and stomach discomfort. While it’s a digestive issue, it’s not considered an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease as it doesn’t involve chronic inflammation of the lining of the gastrointestinal tract

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[cite_start]Which of the following is an example of a musculoskeletal nutritional deficiency?
[cite: 523, 525]
A. osteopetrosis
B. rickets
C. Paget disease
D. avascular necrosis

Rickets is a preventable bone disease that causes soft and weak bones in children, usually due to a lack of vitamin D or calcium. It can affect bone development before growth is complete, mostly impacting infants and young children, but can also occur in teenagers. Rickets softens the growing tissue at the ends of bones, known as growth plates, which can lead to bone deformities like bowed legs, knock knees, thickened wrists and ankles, or breastbone projection

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[cite_start]Which of the following will most likely cause weakness in a muscle? [cite: 996,
998]
A. increased cytosolic calcium levels
B. decreased actin-myosin cycling rate
C. decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase
D. decreased uptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Explanation:
Muscle contraction relies on actin-myosin cross-bridge cycling, which requires ATP and calcium. If the rate of cycling decreases, the muscle cannot generate force effectively, leading to weakness.

Let’s go through the other options:

A. Increased cytosolic calcium levels → This would enhance contraction, not impair it. More Ca²⁺ binds troponin, allowing more cross-bridge formation.

C. Decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase → This would prolong ACh activity at the neuromuscular junction, potentially leading to prolonged depolarization and contraction, not weakness (though eventually it could cause fatigue or desensitization).

D. Decreased uptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum → This would impair relaxation, not necessarily weaken contraction initially (though chronic dysregulation might lead to fatigue or spasticity, not classic weakness).

This refers to impaired function of SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase), the pump responsible for taking Ca²⁺ back into the SR after contraction.

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[cite_start]What is the source of the left anterior descending coronary artery? [cite: 949, 952]
A. aortic sinus
B. circumflex artery
C. left coronary artery
D. right coronary artery

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[cite_start]Which of the following is a congenital endocrine disease? [cite: 259, 260]
A. Hashimoto thyroiditis
B. diabetes types 1 and 2
C. thyroglossal duct cyst
D. postpartum pituitary necrosis

A thyroglossal duct cyst is a congenital anomaly of the thyroid gland’s development. It arises due to incomplete obliteration of the thyroglossal duct, a structure present during embryonic migration of the thyroid gland from the base of the tongue to the anterior neck.

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[cite_start]What type of immunity is activated by microbial pathogens, cancer/tumors, antigens, and vaccines? [cite: 161, 239, 286, 366, 407, 460, 519, 580, 676, 748, 853] A. innate and adaptive immune mechanisms B. passive immunity C. herd immunity D. cellular immunity only

[cite_start]What is the most likely cause of a musty odor in a child diagnosed with PKU (phenylketonuria)? [cite: 1229, 1232] A. accumulation of serum ammonia levels B. accumulation of metabolites of methionine C. inadequate breakdown of phenylacetic acid D. increased action of phenylalanine hydroxylase

[cite_start]The basal lamina of the glomerular filtration barrier is composed of three proteins: laminin, entactin, and what other protein? [cite: 1276, 1280] A. keratin B. albumin C. globulin D. type IV collagen

28. [cite_start]When evaluating lipid levels, what is the function of VLDL? [cite: 1064, 1068] A. transport of dietary lipids B. transport of cholesterol to the liver C. transport of triglycerides to the liver D. removal of triglycerides from the liver

d 🔍 Why not the other options? A. transport of dietary lipids ❌ That’s the job of chylomicrons, which are formed in the intestines, not the liver. B. transport of cholesterol to the liver ❌ That’s the job of HDL (reverse cholesterol transport). C. transport of triglycerides to the liver ❌ VLDL carries triglycerides away from the liver, not to it

[cite_start]In the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, which of the following is observed? [cite: 1156, 1157] A. decreased in total bone mass B. increased osteoblastic activity C. decreased osteoclastic activity D. the accumulation of excess osteoid matrix

[cite_start]Which nerve innervates the calcaneal tendon? [cite: 1205, 1207] A. sural B. tibial C. femoral D. deep fibular

[cite_start]Which of the following is a reproductive hormone (endocrine) condition? [cite: 753, 756] A. balanitis B. choriocarcinoma C. endometriosis D. anovulation

[cite_start]Which inflammatory dermatological condition is considered acute? [cite: 467, 471] A. acne rosacea B. lichen planus C. psoriasis D. urticaria

[cite_start]Where does the conversion of $D3to $25(OH)D3 occur? [cite: 1167, 1170] A. skin B. liver C. brain D. kidney

[cite_start]What is the inheritance pattern of PKU (phenylketonuria)? [cite: 1218, 1221] A. x-linked recessive B. x-linked dominant C. autosomal recessive D. autosomal dominant

[cite_start]What is the principal mechanism calcitonin uses to influence bone density? [cite: 1174, 1177] A. decreased osteoblastic activity B. decreased osteoclastic activity C. increased release of calcium from transient pools D. increased reabsorption of calcium in the kidney tubules

[cite_start]Which of the following conditions is considered a degenerative musculoskeletal disease? [cite: 542, 545] A. osteopetrosis B. Marfan syndrome C. Paget disease D. rhabdomyosarcoma

[cite_start]What is the primary innervation of the carotid sinus, which senses changes in blood pressure? [cite: 1089, 1093] A. facial nerve B. hypoglossal nerve C. glossopharyngeal nerve D. sympathetic chain ganglia

c Glossopharyngeal nerve 🔍 Explanation: The carotid sinus contains baroreceptors that sense changes in blood pressure. These baroreceptors send signals primarily via the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) to the brainstem. The afferent fibers travel through the carotid sinus nerve (Hering's nerve), a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Why the other options are incorrect: A. Facial nerve (CN VII): Mainly involved in facial expression and taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue. B. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): Motor innervation to tongue muscles. D. Sympathetic chain ganglia: Provide sympathetic innervation but not the primary sensory input from the carotid sinus.

[cite_start]What is the most likely cause of galactorrhea in a female presenting with a pituitary adenoma? [cite: 915, 916] A. prolactin overproduction B. growth hormone overproduction C. antidiuretic hormone overproduction D. follicle-stimulating hormone overproduction

a 🥛 Galactorrhea 🔹 Definition Non-puerperal milk production (not related to childbirth or breastfeeding). Prolactin overproduction from a prolactinoma. 🔬 Key Details: Prolactin is produced by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary. A prolactinoma (the most common functional pituitary adenoma) leads to: Galactorrhea Amenorrhea Infertility Possibly visual field defects (e.g. bitemporal hemianopsia) if large

[cite_start]Which of the following conditions is an infectious vascular disease of the cardiovascular system? [cite: 219, 221] A. aneurysm B. Kaposi sarcoma C. Chagas disease D. familial hypercholesterolemia

c Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and it is an infectious disease that can lead to chronic myocarditis and vascular inflammation, particularly in the heart and gastrointestinal tract. It is transmitted by the Triatomine (kissing) bug and is endemic in Central and South America.

[cite_start]In the synthesis of cholesterol, what is the key regulating enzyme? [cite: 943, 946] A. phosphodiesterase B. HMG-CoA reductase C. cholesterol desmolase D. cholesterol synthetase

b 🔹 Role: It catalyzes the conversion of: HMG-CoA → Mevalonate — Wrong; C. Cholesterol desmolase – converts cholesterol → pregnenolone (first step of steroid hormone synthesis, not cholesterol synthesis)

[cite_start]What is the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? [cite: 1184, 1188] A. progressive destruction of neurons B. progressive destruction of astrocytes C. progressive destruction of Schwann cells D. progressive destruction of myelin sheaths

[cite_start]What is the cause of chronic gastritis associated with *Helicobacter pylori*? [cite: 1116, 1117, 1119] A. normal rugal folds with multiple hemorrhagic erosions of the gastric mucosa B. intraepithelial neutrophils and subepithelial plasma cells of the stomach antrum C. enlarged rugae and hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium, and no inflammation D. mucosal atrophy with lymphocytes and macrophages present in the stomach body and fundus, and loss of parietal cells

b 🔍 Explanation: Helicobacter pylori–associated chronic gastritis typically presents with: Chronic inflammation focused in the antrum of the stomach Presence of intraepithelial neutrophils (active inflammation) Subepithelial plasma cells (chronic inflammation) Over time, it can lead to: Atrophy of the gastric mucosa Intestinal metaplasia Increased risk for gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma Quick Review of the Other Options: A. Describes acute erosive gastritis (e.g., NSAID use, alcohol, stress). C. Suggests Menetrier disease (hypertrophic gastropathy). D. More consistent with autoimmune gastritis (body/fundus-predominant, loss of parietal cells).

[cite_start]What is the main cause of optic chiasm compression, leading to bitemporal hemianopsia? [cite: 914, 921] A. pituitary adenoma B. left optic nerve lesion C. right optic nerve lesion D. bilateral optic tract lesion

[cite_start]Which of the following infectious diseases affects the musculoskeletal system? [cite: 553, 556] A. gout B. fibromyalgia C. osteomyelitis D. polymyalgia rheumatica

c Osteomyelitis is an infectious disease that directly affects the musculoskeletal system by causing infection and inflammation of the bone. Most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus Can result from hematogenous spread, trauma, or surgery

[cite_start]When released from the vasa recta of the kidney, which protein initiates the angiotensin cascade? [cite: 1107, 1108] A. renin B. vasopressin C. angiotensin I D. angiotensinogen

[cite_start]What is the normal function of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase? [cite: 1057, 1058, 1061] A. involved in carbohydrate metabolism B. rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis C. breaks down proteins D. synthesizes phospholipids

[cite_start]What would most likely cause respiratory acidosis in a patient with bacterial bronchopneumonia? [cite: 1255, 1259] A. anemia B. vomiting C. hypokalemia D. fluid accumulation in the alveoli

[cite_start]Which of the following is a chronic inflammatory dermatological condition? [cite: 472, 474] A. urticaria B. erythema multiforme C. lichen planus D. contact dermatitis

[cite_start]How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system elevate systemic blood pressure, in addition to increasing sympathetic output and mineralocorticoid secretion? [cite: 1101, 1106] A. It increases blood volume. B. It decreases sodium retention. C. It decreases atrial natriuretic peptide. D. It causes direct systemic vasoconstriction.

[cite_start]What condition is *Streptococcus pneumoniae* identified as the causative organism for? [cite: 1249] A. strep throat B. bacterial bronchopneumonia C. meningitis D. sinusitis

[cite_start]What type of disease is Goodpasture syndrome? [cite: 425] A. Type I hypersensitivity B. Type II hypersensitivity C. Type III hypersensitivity D. Type IV hypersensitivity

b 🧬 Goodpasture Syndrome – Key Facts It is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction. (Antibody mediated) Caused by autoantibodies directed against the basement membrane of: Glomeruli (kidneys) Alveoli (lungs)

52. [cite_start]In a patient who has autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which layers, from superficial to deep, would a needle puncture to obtain a sample of CSF during a lumbar puncture? [cite: 1290, 1291] A. ligamentum flavum, dura mater, and arachnoid B. ligamentum flavum, annulus fibrosis, and dura mater C. dura mater, arachnoid, and posterior longitudinal ligament D. periosteum, ligamentum flavum, and posterior longitudinal ligament

[cite_start]Which of the following is a condition of the breast? [cite: 789, 794] A. choriocarcinoma B. mastitis C. ovarian cysts D. cervicitis

[cite_start]What happens to the GFR in a patient with Goodpasture syndrome, and what are the compensatory changes in the renal tubules? [cite: 1281, 1284] A. decreased GFR; tubular osmotic pressure would decrease B. decreased GFR; interstitial osmotic pressure would increase C. decreased GFR; tubular hydrostatic pressure would decrease D. decreased GFR; interstitial hydrostatic pressure would increase

[cite_start]Which of the following is a disease involving the lysis of blood cells? [cite: 374, 375] A. polycythemia vera B. aplastic anemia C. hemolytic anemia (sickle cell) D. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

[cite_start]What is the source of the left anterior descending coronary artery? [cite: 949, 952] A. aortic sinus B. circumflex artery C. left coronary artery D. right coronary artery

[cite_start]Which of the following is an inflammatory endocrine disease? [cite: 254, 255] A. Graves disease B. Hashimoto thyroiditis C. diabetes insipidus D. Cushing syndrome

[cite_start]Which of the following is a vascular condition of the cardiovascular system? [cite: 202, 204] A. endocarditis B. cardiomyopathies C. aortic dissection D. pericarditis

[cite_start]Which of the following is a type of neurological neoplasm? [cite: 612, 615] A. Alzheimer disease B. multiple sclerosis C. neuroblastoma D. Guillain-Barré syndrome

[cite_start]What stimulates gastric acid secretion? [cite: 1141, 1142] A. gastrin B. secretin C. pepsinogen D. cholecystokinin

[cite_start]Which muscle protein is most likely aberrant or missing in a patient with muscular dystrophy (MD)? [cite: 1317, 1322] A. actin B. myosin C. troponin D. dystrophin

[cite_start]What is the normal process for bilirubin excretion from the body via the kidneys? [cite: 1048, 1052] A. converted to biliverdin B. converted to stercobilin C. neutralized by uric acid D. converted to urobilinogen

[cite_start]What is the classification of *Streptococcus pneumoniae*? [cite: 1249, 1253] A. aerobic; gram positive B. aerobic; gram negative C. facultative anaerobic; gram positive D. facultative anaerobic; gram negative

[cite_start]Which of the following represents a Specific Exam Area (SEA) under the General Exam Area (GEA) of Disease/Dysfunction? [cite: 113, 114] A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Biochemistry & Genetics D. Microbiology & Immunology

[cite_start]Which of the following is a type of congenital musculoskeletal disease? [cite: 538, 540] A. osteopetrosis B. osteoarthritis C. muscular dystrophy D. avascular necrosis

[cite_start]An agent that binds with bile acids to form insoluble compounds in the digestive tract will decrease serum cholesterol levels because: [cite: 1080, 1085] A. HMG-CoA reductase is inhibited. B. HMG-CoA synthase is stimulated. C. the liver synthesizes new bile acids from cholesterol. D. the liver synthesizes new bile acids from cholesterol.

[cite_start]In a patient with muscular dystrophy, which major regulatory proteins are found in muscle tissue and control normal muscle contraction? [cite: 1328, 1333] A. myosin and actin B. actin and troponin C. myosin and tropomyosin D. troponin and tropomyosin

d 📚 Explanation: In muscle contraction, two key regulatory proteins that control the interaction between actin and myosin are: Troponin – A complex of 3 subunits: TnC binds calcium TnT binds tropomyosin TnI inhibits actin-myosin interaction Tropomyosin – A filamentous protein that lies in the groove of actin filaments and blocks myosin binding sites on actin in the absence of calcium. 🚶‍♂️ In muscular dystrophy: Although the primary pathology involves structural proteins (like dystrophin in Duchenne MD), troponin and tropomyosin are still the key regulators of contraction. ❌ Why the others are incorrect: A. Myosin and actin – These are contractile proteins, not regulatory. B. Actin and troponin – Actin is contractile, not regulatory. C. Myosin and tropomyosin – Myosin is also a contractile protein.

[cite_start]What is the normal embryological origin of the cells in a pituitary adenoma? [cite: 930, 932] A. diencephalon B. oral ectoderm C. neural crest cells D. rostral neural tube

b 🔹 The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis) develops from Rathke’s pouch, which is an outpouching of oral ectoderm from the primitive mouth. It is a glandular tissue and produces several hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, and prolactin. 🔹 The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) develops from the infundibulum, a downward extension of neuroectoderm from the diencephalon in the developing brain. It is neural tissue composed of glial cells (pituicytes) and axons that originate in the hypothalamus. It does not make hormones itself, but stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), both of which are synthesized in the hypothalamus. | Part | Origin

[cite_start]What is the primary underlying condition that most likely led to death from a thrombotic occlusion arising from an atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery? [cite: 937, 942] A. glomerulonephritis B. portal hypertension C. calcific aortic stenosis D. type 2 diabetes mellitus

[cite_start]Which of the following is a clotting abnormality? [cite: 378, 380] A. anemias B. polycythemia C. hemophilia D. hemolytic anemia

c ChatGPT said: 🧬 Hemophilia – High-Yield Overview for Boards/NPLEX Hemophilia refers to inherited bleeding disorders caused by deficiencies in clotting factors. The most common forms are: 🔹 Hemophilia A Cause: Deficiency of factor VIII Inheritance: X-linked recessive Most common type Lab findings: ↑ aPTT Normal PT Normal bleeding time Treatment: Factor VIII replacement, desmopressin (mild cases) 🔹 Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease) Cause: Deficiency of factor IX Inheritance: X-linked recessive Similar presentation and labs as Hemophilia A Treatment: Factor IX replacement 🔹 Hemophilia C Cause: Deficiency of factor XI Inheritance: Autosomal recessive Much rarer, mostly affects Ashkenazi Jewish population Often milder bleeding symptoms Treatment: Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for bleeding episodes

[cite_start]Which of the following hemodynamic conditions refers to localized swelling caused by accumulation of interstitial fluid? [cite: 195, 199] A. embolism B. hemorrhage C. infarction D. edema

[cite_start]What is the term for an assessment designed to evaluate the ability to perform specific skills or tasks in a profession, focusing on practical application of knowledge rather than just memorization? [cite: 27] A. academic test B. competency-based exam C. standardized assessment D. knowledge-based exam

[cite_start]What is the primary function of the lymphatic vessels, tissues, and organs in the cardiovascular system? [cite: 155] A. transport of oxygen B. circulation of blood C. drainage of interstitial fluid and immune surveillance D. production of blood cells

[cite_start]What is the term for the process used to determine the passing score for professional licensing exams, specifically designed to determine minimal competence? [cite: 46, 47] A. grading on a curve B. predetermined percentage C. Angoff method D. psychometric analysis

[cite_start]What is the primary purpose of the Part II - Clinical Science Examination (CCSE)? [cite: 23, 24] A. to measure readiness to enter clinical training B. to assess broad foundational knowledge for practicing naturopathic medicine C. to evaluate specific skills not addressed in the BSE D. to determine eligibility for licensure/registration

In a patient with dermatomyositis, possession of certain HLA alleles increases the risk of developing the condition. [cite_start]HLA corresponding to MHC class II present antigens to which cells? [cite: 984, 985, 986] A. CD4+ B. CD8+ C. NK cells D. dendritic cells

The GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is influenced by the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. [cite_start]This barrier is composed of the basal lamina, situated between a layer of what and a layer of what? [cite: 1269, 1273] A. mesangial cells; podocytes B. mesangial cells; simple cuboidal epithelium C. glomerular capillary endothelium; podocytes D. glomerular capillary endothelium; simple cuboidal epithelium

[cite_start]What is the term for a specific type of gastrointestinal neoplasm of the liver? [cite: 340, 344] A. esophageal B. gastric C. intestinal D. liver

[cite_start]What is the term for the condition characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucosa? [cite: 316, 323] A. enteritis B. esophagitis C. gastritis D. diverticular disease

[cite_start]What is the specific term for a benign and pre-malignant lesion of the skin characterized by a rough, scaly patch on sun-exposed skin? [cite: 483, 484] A. dysplastic nevi B. seborrheic keratosis C. actinic keratosis D. nevocellular nevus

[cite_start]What is the relationship between underlying pathology and the development of signs and symptoms associated with congestive heart failure (CHF)? [cite: 140, 141] A. unrelated B. inverse relationship C. directly proportional D. causal relationship

[cite_start]What is the term for the condition of the reproductive tract characterized by inflammation of the fallopian tubes? [cite: 760, 768] A. cervicitis B. endometritis C. orchitis D. salpingitis

[cite_start]What is the common term for a condition of the ear characterized by inflammation of the middle ear? [cite: 660] A. blepharitis B. Ménière disease C. otitis D. vestibular neuritis

[cite_start]What is the term for an inflammatory musculoskeletal disease characterized by chronic widespread pain and tenderness? [cite: 527, 530] A. ankylosing spondylitis B. bursitis C. fibromyalgia D. gout

85. [cite_start]Which of the following is a type of hyperfunction of an endocrine organ? [cite: 243, 245] A. hyperparathyroidism B. diabetes insipidus C. hypothyroidism D. infectious thyroiditis

[cite_start]What is the specific term for an infectious dermatological disease characterized by highly contagious skin infection with red sores? [cite: 491, 498] A. acne vulgaris B. cellulitis C. impetigo D. folliculitis

c ✅ Impetigo – High-Yield Overview for NPLEX Impetigo is a superficial skin infection that’s highly contagious, most common in children, and characterized by honey-colored crusted lesions. 🔹 Key Features: Cause: Staphylococcus aureus (most common overall) Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) (can also be causative, esp. in non-bullous form)

[cite_start]Which of the following describes a type of valvular heart disease? [cite: 175, 178] A. congestive heart failure B. endocarditis C. myocardial infarction D. pulmonary hypertension

b Valves are in the endocardium

[cite_start]What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome, a restrictive pulmonary disease? [cite: 680, 681] A. chronic bronchitis B. emphysema C. idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis D. respiratory distress syndrome

89. [cite_start]What is the term for an obstructive gastrointestinal disease caused by telescoping of the intestine into itself? [cite: 310, 314] A. achalasia B. adynamic ileus C. intussusception/volvulus D. megacolon

[cite_start]What is the specific term for a benign condition of the male reproductive system characterized by a collection of fluid in the scrotum? [cite: 782, 786] A. erectile dysfunction B. hematocele C. hydrocele D. spermatocele

[cite_start]What is the specific term for a degenerative and demyelination disease of the neurological system characterized by a progressive neurological disorder that affects motor neurons? [cite: 590, 591] A. Alzheimer disease B. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) C. Huntington chorea D. multiple sclerosis

[cite_start]What is the specific term for an infectious genitourinary disease (STD) caused by a bacterium, leading to genital ulcers? [cite: 830, 831] A. bacterial vaginosis B. chlamydia C. chancroid D. gonorrhea

[cite_start]What type of anemia is characterized by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)? [cite: 375, 376] A. macrocytic anemia B. microcytic anemia C. aplastic anemia D. hemolytic anemia

d 🧬 G6PD Deficiency (Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency) 🔹 What is it? An X-linked recessive enzymatic disorder that results in decreased activity of G6PD, which is essential in the pentose phosphate pathway. G6PD → produces NADPH NADPH → maintains glutathione in reduced form (GSH) GSH → protects RBCs from oxidative damage Bite cells and Heinz bodies 🚨 Without G6PD → RBCs can't detoxify oxidants: Oxidants accumulate inside RBCs. Hemoglobin becomes oxidized → forms Heinz bodies. These damage the RBC membrane, making it fragile. Spleen removes damaged RBCs → extravascular hemolysis. In severe cases, the RBCs break open inside vessels → intravascular hemolysis.

[cite_start]What is the specific term for a pigment change of the skin characterized by a localized loss of skin pigmentation? [cite: 464, 466] A. nevocellular nevus B. vitiligo C. actinic keratosis D. seborrheic keratosis

[cite_start]What is the specific term for a neurological disease of the special senses, characterized by increased intraocular pressure? [cite: 650, 654] A. blepharitis B. Ménière disease C. conjunctivitis D. glaucoma

[cite_start]What is the term for a specific type of neoplasm of the pulmonary system, characterized by a malignant tumor arising from the lining of the lungs or abdomen? [cite: 709, 715] A. adenocarcinomas B. bronchial carcinoid C. mesothelioma D. small-cell carcinoma

[cite_start]How does *H. pylori* survive in the acidic environment of the stomach? [cite: 1122, 1124] A. It secretes urease, which neutralizes the acid. B. It has an exotoxin that protects it from acid. C. It contains carbonic anhydrase. D. It has a polysaccharide capsule.

[cite_start]Which of the following is a congenital gastrointestinal disease? [cite: 327, 331] A. enteritis B. Barrett esophagus C. pyloric stenosis D. diverticular disease

[cite_start]Which cells in which part of the kidney release renin in response to changes in systemic blood pressure? [cite: 1307, 1308, 1312] A. macula densa in the proximal tubule B. juxtaglomerular cells in Bowmans space C. macula densa in the distal convoluted tubule D. juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole

[cite_start]Which of the following conditions is an inflammatory urinary tract disease? [cite: 868, 870] A. glomerulonephritis B. tubular necrosis C. chronic pyelonephritis D. renal calculi

First antibody

IgM

What muscles attached to intertubercular groove of humerus?

lats, pec major, teres major Mnemonic to remember lateral → medial: "Lady Between Two Majors" Lady = Latissimus dorsi (floor) Between Pectoralis major (lateral lip) and Teres major (medial lip)

Brenner tumor

A Brenner tumor is a rare, usually benign ovarian tumor that arises from transitional (urothelial-like) epithelial cells. It belongs to the surface epithelial-stromal tumor group. 🚨 Clinical Signs: Usually asymptomatic. If large: abdominal discomfort, pelvic mass, or postmenopausal bleeding (if estrogen-producing).

cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum by birth. 📉 Epidemiology: Most common congenital male genital abnormality. complications: infertility, increased cancer risk, testicular torsion, inguinal hernia 🧠 NPLEX Pearls: Most common site of arrest: inguinal canal. Always evaluate undescended testis for atrophy and malignancy risk. Unilateral cryptorchidism = usually normal fertility. Bilateral = infertility risk.

fancy AI test Flashcards

(104 cards)