muscles Flashcards

Question

3 erector spinal muscles

Answer 1

Iliocostalis: The most lateral muscle group, with sections in the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical regions. Longissimus: The intermediate muscle group, also with lumbar, thoracic, and cervical sections. Spinalis: The most medial muscle group, primarily found in the thoracic and cervical regions. They are responsible for extending (bilateral contraction), laterally flexing (unilateral contraction), and rotating the vertebral column, as well as maintaining posture and stabilizing the spine.

Answer 2

Rotatores: The deepest and shortest muscles, spanning one to two vertebrae. Multifidus: Span two to four vertebrae and are most developed in the lumbar region. Semispinalis: The most superficial of the group, spanning four to six vertebrae, and attaching to the occipital bone in the head.

Answer 3

They are categorized into three main subgroups: rotatores, multifidus, and semispinalis, ordered from deepest to most superficial. These muscles play a crucial role in stabilizing the spine and assisting with movements like rotation and extension. Three Main Muscles (from superficial to deep): Semispinalis (spans 4–6 vertebrae) Multifidus (spans 2–4 vertebrae) Rotatores (spans 1–2 vertebrae) (Mnemonic: "Some More Rotations")

Answer 4

**3 Columns (from lateral to medial): Iliocostalis → lateral Longissimus → intermediate Spinalis → medial (Mnemonic: I Love Spine)

Answer 5

Rectus capitis posterior major Origin: Spinous process of C2 (axis) Insertion: Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1) Action: Extends and rotates the head to the same side Rectus capitis posterior minor Origin: Posterior tubercle of C1 (atlas) Insertion: Medial part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus) Action: Extends the head

Answer 6

Obliquus capitis superior Origin: Transverse process of C1 (atlas) Insertion: Between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus) Action: Extends and laterally flexes the head Obliquus capitis inferior Origin: Spinous process of C2 (axis) Insertion: Transverse process of C1 (atlas) Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus) Action: Rotates the atlas (and head) to the same side

Answer 7

Origin: Sacrum, iliac crest, and lumbar vertebrae (via thoracolumbar fascia) Insertion: Angles of ribs and cervical transverse processes Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action: Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column

Answer 8

Origin: Sacrum, iliac crest, lumbar vertebrae Insertion: Transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, mastoid process of temporal bone Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action: Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column and head

Answer 9

Origin: Spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae Insertion: Spinous processes of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action: Extends vertebral column

Answer 10

Origin: Transverse processes of C4-T12 vertebrae Insertion: Spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae (4-6 segments superior), and occipital bone (capitis part) Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action: Extends head and thoracic and cervical regions; rotates them contralaterally

Answer 11

Origin: Sacrum, iliac spine, transverse processes of T1-L5 vertebrae Insertion: Spinous processes of vertebrae 2-4 segments above Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action: Stabilizes vertebrae; assists with extension and contralateral rotation of vertebral column

Answer 12

Origin: Transverse processes of vertebrae Insertion: Spinous processes of vertebrae 1-2 segments above Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves Action: Stabilizes vertebrae; aids in local extension and contralateral rotation

Answer 13

Origin: Outer surfaces of upper 8–9 ribs Insertion: Anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula Innervation: Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7) Action: Protracts and upwardly rotates scapula; holds scapula against thoracic wall

Answer 14

Serratus posterior superior Origin: Spinous processes of C7 to T3 vertebrae Insertion: Superior borders of ribs 2–5 Innervation: Intercostal nerves (ventral rami of upper thoracic spinal nerves) Action: Elevates ribs during inspiration Serratus posterior inferior Origin: Spinous processes of T11 to L2 vertebrae Insertion: Inferior borders of ribs 9–12 Innervation: Intercostal nerves (ventral rami of lower thoracic spinal nerves) Action: Depresses ribs during expiration

Answer 15

Origin: Spinous processes of C7 to T3 vertebrae Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital bone Innervation: Dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves Action: Unilateral - laterally flexes and rotates head to the same side; Bilateral - extends head and neck

Answer 16

Anterior scalene Origin: Transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebrae Insertion: Scalene tubercle on the first rib Innervation: Ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves (C4-C6) Action: Elevates first rib (during inspiration), laterally flexes neck Middle scalene Origin: Transverse processes of C2-C7 vertebrae Insertion: First rib (posterior to subclavian groove) Innervation: Ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves Action: Elevates first rib, laterally flexes neck Posterior scalene Origin: Transverse processes of C4-C6 vertebrae Insertion: Second rib Innervation: Ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves Action: Elevates second rib, laterally flexes neck

Answer 17

Origin: Sternal head: Manubrium of sternum Clavicular head: Medial third of clavicle Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone Innervation: Accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) and cervical spinal nerves (C2-C3) for proprioception Action: Unilateral - tilts head to the same side and rotates face to the opposite side; Bilateral - flexes neck and assists in forced inspiration

Answer 18

Digastric Origin: Anterior belly: Digastric fossa of mandible Posterior belly: Mastoid notch of temporal bone Insertion: Intermediate tendon connected to the hyoid bone via a fibrous loop Innervation: Anterior belly: Mandibular nerve (V3) Posterior belly: Facial nerve (CN VII) Action: Elevates hyoid bone; assists in depressing the mandible (opens jaw) Stylohyoid Origin: Styloid process of temporal bone Insertion: Body of hyoid bone Innervation: Facial nerve (CN VII) Action: Elevates and retracts the hyoid bone during swallowing Mylohyoid Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible Insertion: Body of hyoid bone and median raphe Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3) Action: Elevates floor of mouth and hyoid bone; helps depress mandible Geniohyoid Origin: Inferior mental spine of mandible Insertion: Body of hyoid bone Innervation: C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Action: Pulls hyoid bone anterosuperiorly; shortens floor of mouth

Answer 19

Sternohyoid Origin: Manubrium of sternum and medial end of clavicle Insertion: Body of hyoid bone Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3) Action: Depresses hyoid bone after swallowing Sternothyroid Origin: Manubrium of sternum (posterior surface) Insertion: Thyroid cartilage (oblique line) Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C2-C3) Action: Depresses thyroid cartilage and larynx Thyrohyoid Origin: Thyroid cartilage (oblique line) Insertion: Body and greater horn of hyoid bone Innervation: C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Action: Depresses hyoid bone and elevates larynx Omohyoid Origin: Superior border of scapula (medial to scapular notch) Insertion: Body of hyoid bone Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3) Action: Depresses and retracts (stabilizes) hyoid bone

Answer 20

supra hyoid: digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, genoihyoid infrahyoid: sternohyoid, sternothryoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid

Answer 21

External intercostals Origin: Inferior border of ribs (1-11) Insertion: Superior border of ribs below (2-12) Innervation: Intercostal nerves (ventral rami of T1-T11) Action: Elevate ribs during inspiration (increases thoracic volume) Internal intercostals Origin: Superior border of ribs (2-12) Insertion: Inferior border of ribs above (1-11) Innervation: Intercostal nerves (ventral rami of T1-T11) Action: Depress ribs during forced expiration (decreases thoracic volume) Innermost intercostals Origin: Inner surface of ribs Insertion: Inner surface of adjacent ribs Innervation: Intercostal nerves (ventral rami of T1-T11) Action: Assist internal intercostals in depressing ribs

Answer 22

Origin: Sternal part: Xiphoid process of sternum Costal part: Inner surfaces of lower six ribs and their costal cartilages Lumbar part: Lumbar vertebrae via right and left crura and arcuate ligaments Insertion: Central tendon of diaphragm Innervation: Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) Action: Primary muscle of inspiration; contracts to increase vertical thoracic volume, causing air to be drawn into lungs

Answer 23

External oblique Origin: External surfaces of ribs 5-12 Insertion: Linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11) and subcostal nerve (T12) Action: Compresses abdomen, flexes and rotates trunk

Answer 24

Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal ligament Insertion: Inferior borders of ribs 10-12, linea alba, and pectineal line of pubis Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12), and first lumbar nerves (L1) Action: Compresses abdomen, flexes and rotates trunk (opposite side)

Answer 25

Origin: Internal surfaces of ribs 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and lateral third of inguinal ligament Insertion: Linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique, pubic crest, and pectineal line Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12), and first lumbar nerves (L1) Action: Compresses abdominal contents

Answer 26

Origin: Pubic symphysis and pubic crest Insertion: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11) and subcostal nerve (T12) Action: Flexes trunk, compresses abdominal contents

Answer 27

levator ani (composed of pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus) and coccygeus

Answer 28

Origin: Pubis and ischial spine Insertion: Coccyx, anococcygeal ligament, and walls of prostate/vagina and rectum Innervation: Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) and direct branches from sacral plexus Action: Supports pelvic viscera; maintains continence by supporting rectum and vagina

Answer 29

Origin: Ischial spine Insertion: Inferior end of sacrum and coccyx Innervation: Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) Action: Supports pelvic viscera; flexes coccyx

Answer 30

Origin: Ischial rami Insertion: Median raphe of perineum Innervation: Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) Action: Supports pelvic floor; stabilizes perineal body

Answer 31

Origin: Ischiopubic rami Insertion: Surrounds urethra Innervation: Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) Action: Voluntary constriction of urethra to maintain continence

Answer 32

External anal sphincter Origin: Perineal body and coccyx Insertion: Encircles anal canal Innervation: Inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve (S2-S4) Action: Voluntary constriction of anus Internal anal sphincter Origin: Thickening of circular smooth muscle of rectum Insertion: Encircles anal canal Innervation: Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic maintains tone, parasympathetic relaxes) Action: Involuntary constriction of anus; maintains continence at rest

Answer 33

elevation: upper trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids depression: lower trapezius, pec minor, serrates anterior protraction: serrates anterior, pec minor retraction: middle trapezius, rhomboids upward rotation: trapezius, serrates anterior downward rotation: rhomboid, levator scapulae, pec minor

Answer 34

elevation: upper trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids

Answer 35

depression: lower trapezius, pec minor, serrates anterior

Answer 36

protraction: serrates anterior, pec mino

Answer 37

retraction: middle trapezius, rhomboids

Answer 38

downward rotation: rhomboid, levator scapulae, pec minor

Answer 39

upward rotation: trapezius, serrates anterior

Answer 40

B. Gram-positive cocci, alpha-hemolytic, optochin sensitive

Answer 41

A. ADAMTS13

Answer 42

C. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Answer 43

Answer: B. Calcification of the aortic valve Aortic valve stenosis has the crescendo and decrescnedo

Answer 44

B. Autoimmune destruction of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Answer 45

b. Serratus anterior

Answer 46

c. Mandibular nerve (V3)

Answer 47

c. Abduction

Answer 48

✅ Answer: c. Semispinalis capitis (It is innervated by dorsal rami but not specifically the suboccipital nerve)

Answer 49

✅ Answer: c. Iliocostalis → Longissimus → Spinalis (Mnemonic: I Love Spine)

Answer 50

✅ Answer: c. Transversus abdominis

Answer 51

✅ Answer: b. External urethral sphincter

Answer 52

d. Stylohyoid

Answer 53

✅ Answer: c. Right crus of the diaphragm (It forms part of the esophageal hiatus)

Answer 54

c. Multifidus

Answer 55

Semispinalis (spans 4–6 vertebrae) Multifidus (spans 2–4 vertebrae) Rotatores (spans 1–2 vertebrae) “RMS Beauty” low to high

Answer 56

✅ Answer: c. Sternohyoid

Answer 57

a. Thyrohyoid

Answer 58

c. Rotates the head to the opposite side

Answer 59

✅ Answer: c. Superior oblique (It is innervated by CN IV - trochlear nerve)

Answer 60

b. Pubococcygeus

Answer 61

✅ Answer: d. Both b and c (Sternothyroid inserts on thyroid cartilage; thyrohyoid originates from it)

Answer 62

✅ Answer: c. Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

Answer 63

b. Rotatores

Answer 64

✅ Answer: c. Transversus abdominis

Answer 65

✅ Answer: b. Orbicularis oculi

Answer 66

🔷 Apex (Inlet) Bounded by: 1st rib (medial) Clavicle (anterior) Superior border of scapula (posterior) 🠖 Leads into the cervicoaxillary canal — entry point for nerves and vessels. 🔶 Base (Floor) Skin, subcutaneous tissue, and axillary fascia (forms the armpit) 🔸 Anterior Wall Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Clavipectoral fascia 🠖 Forms the anterior axillary fold 🔸 Posterior Wall Subscapularis (superior part) Teres major Latissimus dorsi 🠖 Forms the posterior axillary fold 🔹 Medial Wall Serratus anterior Thoracic wall (ribs 1–4 and intercostal muscles) 🔹 Lateral Wall Intertubercular groove of the humerus (narrowest wall)

Answer 67

anterior= medial epidoncdyle (flexors) posterior= lateral epicondyle (extensors)

Answer 68

median or ulnar or radial nerve

Answer 69

🟢 Origin: Spinous processes of T7–L5, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lower 3–4 ribs, and inferior angle of scapula 🔵 Insertion: Intertubercular groove (floor) of humerus 🟡 Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6–C8) 🔴 Action: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus ("swimmer's muscle")

Answer 70

🟢 Origin: Inferior angle of scapula (posterior surface) 🔵 Insertion: Medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus 🟡 Innervation: Lower subscapular nerve (C5–C6) 🔴 Action: Adducts and medially rotates humerus; assists in extension

Answer 71

🟢 Origin: External occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7–T12 🔵 Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula 🟡 Innervation: Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) + C3–C4 sensory 🔴 Action: Upper fibers: Elevate scapula Middle fibers: Retract scapula Lower fibers: Depress scapula Together: Rotate scapula upward

Answer 72

🔹 Rhomboid Major 🟢 Origin: Spinous processes of T2–T5 🔵 Insertion: Medial border of scapula (below spine) 🟡 Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4–C5) 🔴 Action: Retracts scapula, rotates it downward, stabilizes scapula 🔹 Rhomboid Minor 🟢 Origin: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7–T1 🔵 Insertion: Medial border of scapula (at spine level) 🟡 Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4–C5) 🔴 Action: Same as rhomboid major — retracts and stabilizes scapula

Answer 73

🟢 Origin: Transverse processes of C1–C4 🔵 Insertion: Superior angle and medial border of scapula (above spine) 🟡 Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4–C5) + cervical nerves (C3–C4) 🔴 Action: Elevates scapula, rotates scapula downward, assists in lateral neck flexion

Answer 74

🟢 Origin: Transverse processes of C1–C4 🔵 Insertion: Superior angle and medial border of scapula (above spine) 🟡 Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4–C5) + cervical nerves (C3–C4) 🔴 Action: Elevates scapula, rotates scapula downward, assists in lateral neck flexion WRONGGGGG

Answer 75

🟢 Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula 🔵 Insertion: Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus 🟡 Innervation: Suprascapular nerve (C5–C6) 🔴 Action: Initiates abduction (0–15°), stabilizes humeral head

Answer 76

🟢 Origin: Infraspinous fossa of scapula 🔵 Insertion: Middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus 🟡 Innervation: Suprascapular nerve (C5–C6) 🔴 Action: Lateral rotation of arm, stabilizes shoulder

Answer 77

🟢 Origin: Lateral border of scapula (middle portion) 🔵 Insertion: Inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus 🟡 Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5–C6) 🔴 Action: Lateral rotation and adduction of arm, stabilizes shoulder

Answer 78

🟢 Origin: Subscapular fossa (anterior surface of scapula) 🔵 Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus 🟡 Innervation: Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5–C7) 🔴 Action: Medial rotation of arm, stabilizes shoulder

Answer 79

🟢 Origin: Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Short head: Coracoid process of scapula 🔵 Insertion: Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis 🟡 Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5–C7) 🔴 Action: Flexes forearm at elbow Supinates forearm (most powerful supinator) Assists in shoulder flexion

Answer 80

🟢 Origin: Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Lateral head: Posterior humerus above radial groove Medial head: Posterior humerus below radial groove 🔵 Insertion: Olecranon of ulna 🟡 Innervation: Radial nerve (C6–C8) 🔴 Action: Extends forearm at elbow Long head assists in shoulder extension and adduction

Answer 81

🟢 Origin: Distal half of anterior humerus 🔵 Insertion: Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna 🟡 Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5–C7) 🔴 Action: Primary flexor of the forearm (regardless of pronation/supination)

Answer 82

🟢 Origin: Coracoid process of scapula 🔵 Insertion: Middle third of medial humerus 🟡 Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5–C7) 🔴 Action: Assists in flexion and adduction of arm at shoulder

Answer 83

Yes, the coracobrachialis crosses the shoulder joint, and the brachialis crosses the elbow joint. The coracobrachialis originates from the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on the humerus, influencing shoulder movement. The brachialis originates on the humerus and inserts on the ulna, impacting elbow flexion

Answer 84

🟢 Origin: Coracoid process of scapula 🔵 Insertion: Middle third of medial humerus 🟡 Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5–C7) 🔴 Action: Assists in flexion and adduction of arm at shoulder

Answer 85

“Pass, Fail, Pass, Fail” → Order of superficial layer from lateral to medial: Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 86

superficial: pronator teres flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexor carpi ulnaris intermediate: flexor digitorum superficialis deep: flexor digitorum profundus flexor polices longus pronator quadratura

Answer 87

🟢 Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus 🔵 Insertion: Lateral radius 🟡 Innervation: Median nerve 🔴 Action: Pronates forearm, flexes elbow

Answer 88

🟢 Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus 🔵 Insertion: Base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals 🟡 Innervation: Median nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes and abducts wrist

Answer 89

🟢 Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus 🔵 Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis 🟡 Innervation: Median nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes wrist, tenses palmar fascia (Absent in ~15% of people)

Answer 90

🟢 Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus 🔵 Insertion: Pisiform, hook of hamate, base of 5th metacarpal 🟡 Innervation: Ulnar nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes and adducts wrist

Answer 91

🟢 Origin: Medial epicondyle, coronoid process, radius 🔵 Insertion: Middle phalanges of digits 2–5 🟡 Innervation: Median nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes PIP joints of fingers 2–5, assists wrist flexion

Answer 92

🟢 Origin: Ulna and interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Distal phalanges of digits 2–5 🟡 Innervation: Lateral half (digits 2–3): Median nerve (anterior interosseous) Medial half (digits 4–5): Ulnar nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes DIP joints of fingers 2–5

Answer 93

🟢 Origin: Radius and interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Distal phalanx of thumb 🟡 Innervation: Median nerve (anterior interosseous) 🔴 Action: Flexes thumb (IP joint)

Answer 94

🟢 Origin: Distal ulna 🔵 Insertion: Distal radius 🟡 Innervation: Median nerve (anterior interosseous) 🔴 Action: Primary forearm pronator

Answer 95

all median nerve, except flexor carpi ulnaris is ulnar nerve flexor digitorum profundus lateral 1/2 is median nerve but medial 1/2 is ulnar nerve

Answer 96

superficial: - brachioradialis -extensor capri radialis longus -extensor carpi radialis brevis -extensor digitorum -extensor digiti minimi -extensor carpi ulnaris -anconeus deep: -supinator -abductor polices longus -extensor pollicis brevis -extensor polices longus -extensor indices

Answer 97

🟢 Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge 🔵 Insertion: Styloid process of radius 🟡 Innervation: Radial nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes forearm (despite being in extensor group!)

Answer 98

🟢 Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge 🔵 Insertion: Base of 2nd metacarpal 🟡 Innervation: Radial nerve 🔴 Action: Extends and abducts wrist

Answer 99

🟢 Origin: Lateral epicondyle 🔵 Insertion: Base of 3rd metacarpal 🟡 Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve 🔴 Action: Extends and abducts wrist

Answer 100

🟢 Origin: Lateral epicondyle 🔵 Insertion: Extensor expansions of digits 2–5 🟡 Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve 🔴 Action: Extends fingers 2–5 and wrist

Answer 101

🟢 Origin: Lateral epicondyle 🔵 Insertion: Extensor expansion of digit 5 🟡 Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve 🔴 Action: Extends 5th digit

Answer 102

🟢 Origin: Lateral epicondyle and ulna 🔵 Insertion: Base of 5th metacarpal 🟡 Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve 🔴 Action: Extends and adducts wrist

Answer 103

🟢 Origin: Lateral epicondyle 🔵 Insertion: Olecranon and posterior ulna 🟡 Innervation: Radial nerve 🔴 Action: Assists triceps in elbow extension; stabilizes elbow

Answer 104

radial nerve lateral epicondyle

Answer 105

🟢 Origin: Lateral epicondyle, radial collateral and annular ligaments, and supinator crest of ulna 🔵 Insertion: Proximal radius 🟡 Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve 🔴 Action: Supinates forearm

Answer 106

🟢 Origin: Ulna, radius, interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Base of 1st metacarpal 🟡 Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve 🔴 Action: Abducts thumb and extends it at CMC joint

Answer 107

🟢 Origin: Radius and interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb 🟡 Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve 🔴 Action: Extends thumb at MCP joint

Answer 108

🟢 Origin: Posterior ulna and interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Extensor expansion of digit 2 🟡 Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve 🔴 Action: Extends index finger (digit 2)

Answer 109

🟢 Origin: Ulna and interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb 🟡 Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve 🔴 Action: Extends thumb at IP, MCP, and CMC joints

Answer 110

thenar eminence is all median nerve except adductor pollicis is ulnar nerve thenar: -abductor pollicis brevis -flexor pollicis brevis -opponens pollici -adductor pollicis hypothenar: -abductor digiti minimi -flexor digiti minimi brevis -opponens digiti minimi all ulnar nerve

Answer 111

🟢 Origin: Flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium 🔵 Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb 🟡 Innervation: Median nerve 🔴 Action: Abducts thumb (at CMC joint)

Answer 112

🟢 Origin: Flexor retinaculum, trapezium 🔵 Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb 🟡 Innervation: Superficial head = median nerve; Deep head = ulnar nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes thumb (MCP joint)

Answer 113

🟢 Origin: Flexor retinaculum, trapezium 🔵 Insertion: Lateral side of 1st metacarpal 🟡 Innervation: Median nerve 🔴 Action: Opposes thumb (draws across palm)

Answer 114

🟢 Origin: Oblique head: 2nd–3rd metacarpals and capitate; Transverse head: 3rd metacarpal 🔵 Insertion: Medial base of proximal phalanx of thumb 🟡 Innervation: Ulnar nerve (deep branch) 🔴 Action: Adducts thumb toward palm

Answer 115

🟢 Origin: Pisiform 🔵 Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit 🟡 Innervation: Ulnar nerve 🔴 Action: Abducts little finger

Answer 116

🟢 Origin: Hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum 🔵 Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit 🟡 Innervation: Ulnar nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Answer 117

🟢 Origin: Hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum 🔵 Insertion: Medial border of 5th metacarpal 🟡 Innervation: Ulnar nerve 🔴 Action: Opposes 5th digit toward thumb

Answer 118

🟢 Origin: Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) 🔵 Insertion: Lateral sides of extensor expansions of digits 2–5 🟡 Innervation: 1st and 2nd: Median nerve 3rd and 4th: Ulnar nerve 🔴 Action: Flex MCP, extend PIP & DIP joints (writing position)

Answer 119

🟢 Origin: Palmar surfaces of metacarpals 2, 4, 5 🔵 Insertion: Extensor expansions & bases of proximal phalanges 🟡 Innervation: ulnar nerve 🔴 Action: Adduct digits toward midline (PAD = Palmar ADduct)

Answer 120

🟢 Origin: Adjacent sides of metacarpals 🔵 Insertion: Extensor expansions & bases of proximal phalanges (digits 2–4) 🟡 Innervation: ulnar nerve 🔴 Action: Abduct digits away from midline (DAB = Dorsal ABduct)

Answer 121

palmar and dorsal: ulnar nerve lumbricals: 1 and 2 are median nerve, 3 and 4 are ulnar nerve

Answer 122

superiorly by the inguinal ligament, medially by the adductor longus, laterally by the sartorius. the floor is comprised of the iliopsoas and pectinous muscles

Answer 123

🔸 Iliopsoas (combined psoas major + iliacus) 🟢 Origin: Psoas major: Lumbar vertebrae (T12–L5) Iliacus: Iliac fossa 🔵 Insertion: Lesser trochanter of the femur 🟡 Innervation: Psoas major: Lumbar plexus (L1–L3) Iliacus: Femoral nerve (L2–L4) 🔴 Action: Hip flexion (primary) Assists in external rotation of thigh Stabilizes lumbar spine when standing

Answer 124

🟢 Origin: Iliac fossa and anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) 🔵 Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur (merges with psoas major) 🟡 Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2–L4) 🔴 Action: Flexes thigh at hip and helps stabilize the pelvis

Answer 125

🟢 Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and iliac crest 🔵 Insertion: Iliotibial tract (IT band) → lateral condyle of tibia 🟡 Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4–S1) 🔴 Action: Abducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh Helps stabilize the knee via tension on the IT band

Answer 126

obturator nerve

Answer 127

femoral nerve

Answer 128

extend leg

Answer 129

flex thigh and leg, abduct and laterally rotate thigh

Answer 130

sciatic nerve

Answer 131

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris

Answer 132

semitendinosus and semimembranosu for extend thigh, flex and medially rotate leg biceps femroris for extend thigh, flex and laterally rotate leg

Answer 133

🟢 Origin: Posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament 🔵 Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract 🟡 Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5–S2) 🔴 Action: Extends and laterally rotates the thigh Assists in rising from sitting, climbing, running

Answer 134

🟢 Origin: External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines 🔵 Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur (lateral surface) 🟡 Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4–S1) 🔴 Action: Abducts thigh Medially rotates thigh Stabilizes pelvis during walking (prevents Trendelenburg gait)

Answer 135

🟢 Origin: External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines 🔵 Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur (anterior surface) 🟡 Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4–S1) 🔴 Action: Abducts and medially rotates thigh Assists in pelvic stabilization

Answer 136

🟢 Origin: External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines 🔵 Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur (anterior surface) 🟡 Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4–S1) 🔴 Action: Abducts and medially rotates thigh Assists in pelvic stabilization

Answer 137

🔸 Superior Gemellus 🟢 Origin: Ischial spine 🔵 Insertion: Greater trochanter (via tendon of obturator internus) 🟡 Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5–S2) 🔴 Action: Laterally rotates the extended thigh 🔸 Inferior Gemellus 🟢 Origin: Ischial tuberosity 🔵 Insertion: Greater trochanter (via tendon of obturator internus) 🟡 Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4–S1) 🔴 Action: Laterally rotates the thigh

Answer 138

🔸 Obturator Internus 🟢 Origin: Internal surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones 🔵 Insertion: Greater trochanter (medial surface) 🟡 Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5–S2) 🔴 Action: Laterally rotates the extended thigh and abducts when flexed 🔸 Obturator Externus 🟢 Origin: External surface of obturator membrane and margins of obturator foramen 🔵 Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of femur 🟡 Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3–L4) 🔴 Action: Laterally rotates the thigh and helps stabilize femoral head in acetabulum

Answer 139

🟢 Origin: Lateral border of ischial tuberosity 🔵 Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest of femur 🟡 Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4–S1) 🔴 Action: Laterally rotates thigh and stabilizes hip joint

Answer 140

🟢 Origin: Lateral border of ischial tuberosity 🔵 Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest of femur 🟡 Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4–S1) 🔴 Action: Laterally rotates thigh and stabilizes hip joint

Answer 141

🟢 Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis 🔵 Insertion: Proximal linea aspera and pectineal line 🟡 Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2–L4) 🔴 Action: Adducts thigh; helps with hip flexion

Answer 142

(has 2 parts: adductor + hamstring) 🔹 Adductor part: 🟢 Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis and ischial ramus 🔵 Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, and medial supracondylar line 🟡 Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2–L4) 🔴 Action: Adducts and flexes thigh 🔹 Hamstring part: 🟢 Origin: Ischial tuberosity 🔵 Insertion: Adductor tubercle of femur 🟡 Innervation: Tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4) 🔴 Action: Extends thigh

Answer 143

🟢 Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis 🔵 Insertion: Medial surface of tibia (part of pes anserinus) 🟡 Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2–L3) 🔴 Action: Adducts thigh, flexes leg, medially rotates leg

Answer 144

🟢 Origin: Superior ramus of pubis (pectineal line of pubis) 🔵 Insertion: Pectineal line of femur (just inferior to the lesser trochanter) 🟡 Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2–L3) (May also receive a branch from obturator nerve in some individuals) 🔴 Action: Adducts thigh Flexes thigh Assists with medial rotation of thigh

Answer 145

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor Magnus, gracillis, pectinous

Answer 146

🟢 Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) Superior rim of acetabulum 🔵 Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament 🟡 Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2–L4) 🔴 Action: Extends leg at knee Flexes thigh at hip

Answer 147

🟢 Origin: Greater trochanter and lateral linea aspera of femur 🔵 Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament 🟡 Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2–L4) 🔴 Action: Extends leg at knee

Answer 148

🟢 Origin: Intertrochanteric line and medial linea aspera of femur 🔵 Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament 🟡 Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2–L4) 🔴 Action: Extends leg at knee

Answer 149

🟢 Origin: Anterior and lateral surfaces of femoral shaft 🔵 Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament 🟡 Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2–L4) 🔴 Action: Extends leg at knee

Answer 150

🟢 Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) 🔵 Insertion: Medial surface of proximal tibia (part of pes anserinus) 🟡 Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2–L3) 🔴 Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip Flexes leg at knee

Answer 151

🟢 Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) 🔵 Insertion: Medial surface of proximal tibia (part of pes anserinus) 🟡 Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2–L3) 🔴 Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip Flexes leg at knee

Answer 152

🟢 Origin: Posterior fibula and soleal line of tibia 🔵 Insertion: Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon 🟡 Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1–S2) 🔴 Action: Plantarflexes ankle (main postural muscle)

Answer 153

🟢 Origin: Lateral supracondylar line of femur 🔵 Insertion: Posterior calcaneus (sometimes via calcaneal tendon) 🟡 Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1–S2) 🔴 Action: Weak plantarflexion and knee flexion

Answer 154

🟢 Origin: Lateral femoral condyle 🔵 Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia (superior to soleal line) 🟡 Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4–S1) 🔴 Action: Unlocks knee by rotating femur laterally Weakly flexes knee

Answer 155

gastrocnemius

Answer 156

🟢 Origin: Posterior fibula and interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe 🟡 Innervation: Tibial nerve (S2–S3) 🔴 Action: Flexes great toe Plantarflexes ankle Supports medial longitudinal arch

Answer 157

🟢 Origin: Posterior tibia 🔵 Insertion: Distal phalanges of digits 2–5 🟡 Innervation: Tibial nerve (S2–S3) 🔴 Action: Flexes lateral 4 toes Plantarflexes ankle Supports longitudinal arches

Answer 158

🟢 Origin: Posterior tibia, posterior fibula, and interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of metatarsals 2–4 🟡 Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4–L5) 🔴 Action: Plantarflexes and inverts foot Supports medial arch

Answer 159

All originate from the ischial tuberosity (except short head of biceps) and extend the hip/flex the knee.

Answer 160

🔹 Long Head: 🟢 Origin: Ischial tuberosity 🔵 Insertion: Head of fibula 🟡 Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5–S2) 🔴 Action: Extends thigh Flexes and laterally rotates leg at knee 🔹 Short Head: 🟢 Origin: Linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur 🔵 Insertion: Head of fibula (joins long head) 🟡 Innervation: Common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5–S2) 🔴 Action: Flexes and laterally rotates leg at knee (no hip extension)

Answer 161

🟢 Origin: Ischial tuberosity 🔵 Insertion: Medial surface of tibia (part of pes anserinus) 🟡 Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5–S2) 🔴 Action: Extends thigh Flexes and medially rotates leg

Answer 162

🟢 Origin: Ischial tuberosity 🔵 Insertion: Posterior part of medial tibial condyle 🟡 Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5–S2) 🔴 Action: Extends thigh Flexes and medially rotates leg

Answer 163

🧠 All dorsiflex the foot and are innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4–S1).

Answer 164

🟢 Origin: Lateral condyle and proximal lateral surface of tibia Interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal 🟡 Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L4–L5) 🔴 Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot Supports medial longitudinal arch

Answer 165

🟢 Origin: Middle anterior surface of fibula Interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe 🟡 Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5–S1) 🔴 Action: Extends great toe Assists in dorsiflexion

Answer 166

🟢 Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia Anterior surface of fibula Interosseous membrane 🔵 Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2–5 🟡 Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5–S1) 🔴 Action: Extends lateral 4 toes Assists in dorsiflexion

Answer 167

🟢 Origin: Distal anterior fibula 🔵 Insertion: Base of 5th metatarsal 🟡 Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5–S1) 🔴 Action: Dorsiflexes and everts foot

Answer 168

tibial nerve

Answer 169

posterior: tibial nerve anterior: deep peroneal nerve

Answer 170

dorsum: deep peroneal nerve; extension sole: medial and lateral plantar nerves (flexion and abduct and adduct etc)

Answer 171

🟢 Origin: Medial tubercle of calcaneus 🔵 Insertion: Medial base of proximal phalanx of great toe 🟡 Innervation: Medial plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Abducts and flexes great toe (digit 1)

Answer 172

🟢 Origin: Medial calcaneal tubercle 🔵 Insertion: Middle phalanges of digits 2–5 🟡 Innervation: Medial plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes digits 2–5 at PIP joints

Answer 173

🟢 Origin: Lateral tubercle of calcaneus 🔵 Insertion: Lateral base of proximal phalanx of digit 5 🟡 Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Abducts and flexes 5th toe

Answer 174

🟢 Origin: Calcaneus 🔵 Insertion: Tendon of flexor digitorum longus (FDL) 🟡 Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Assists FDL in flexing digits 2–5

Answer 175

🟢 Origin: Tendons of FDL 🔵 Insertion: Extensor expansions of digits 2–5 🟡 Innervation: 1st: Medial plantar nerve 2nd–4th: Lateral plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Flex MCPs, extend PIP and DIPs of digits 2–5

Answer 176

🟢 Origin: Cuboid and lateral cuneiform 🔵 Insertion: Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of digit 1 🟡 Innervation: Medial plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes great toe at MTP

Answer 177

(two heads: oblique & transverse) 🟢 Origin: Oblique head: Bases of metatarsals 2–4 Transverse head: Plantar ligaments of MTP joints 🔵 Insertion: Lateral base of proximal phalanx of digit 1 🟡 Innervation: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Adducts great toe

Answer 178

🟢 Origin: Base of 5th metatarsal 🔵 Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit 🟡 Innervation: Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Flexes 5th toe at MTP

Answer 179

🟢 Origin: Medial sides of metatarsals 3–5 🔵 Insertion: Medial sides of proximal phalanges 3–5 🟡 Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Adducts digits 3–5 (PAD)

Answer 180

🟢 Origin: Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1–5 🔵 Insertion: 1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of digit 2 2nd–4th: lateral sides of digits 2–4 🟡 Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve 🔴 Action: Abducts digits 2–4 (DAB)

Answer 181

dorsal and plantar: lateral plantar nerve lumbricals: 1st: medial plantar nerve, 2nd-4th is lateral plantar nerve

muscles Flashcards

(210 cards)