Feedback

Question 1

Two types of performance related feedback

Answer 1

Task-intrinsic feedback
Augmented feedback (extrinsic)

Question 2

Task intrinsic feedback

Answer 2

Naturally occurring feedback-sensory-perceptual info that is natural part of performing skill
ex) see target, feel ball, hear swoosh, proprioception

Question 3

Augmented feedback

Answer 3

Performance related info adding to or enhancing task intrinsic feedback
Ex) verbal, watching videos of oneself

Question 4

Two forms of augmented feedback

Answer 4

Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance

Question 5

Knowledge of results

Answer 5

Additional or enhanced info about the movement outcome or achievement of movement goal

Question 6

Example of movement outcome

Answer 6

Shot was 5cm too long, knee was flexed 10 degrees too much

Question 7

Example of achievement of movement goal

Answer 7

Shot missed, shot made

Question 8

Knowledge of performance

Answer 8

Additional or enhanced info about the movement characteristics leading to the performance outcome
Ex) didn’t bring club back far enough

Question 9

Examples of task intrinsic senses

Answer 9

Visual, auditory, proprioceptive, tactile

Question 10

How does augmented feedback enhance motor learning

Answer 10

1. Facilitates achievement of action goal
2. Motivates learner to continue with learning

Question 11

Augmented feedback is essential if:

Answer 11

1. Skill performance does not produce critical sensory feedback
2. Injury/disease has removed sensory info
3. Performer cannot use critical task-intrinsic feedback appropriately (young people)

Question 12

When is augmented feedback not essential

Answer 12

Performance provides sufficient task-intrinsic feedback (enough sensory info)
- sometimes augmented is redundant and does not enhance learning

Question 13

Augmented feedback can impair motor learning when:

Answer 13

1. Task intrinsic feedback is minimal or difficult to interpret
2. Augmented feedback is erroneous/incorrect
3. Concurrent augmented feedback
4. Augmented feedback is provided too frequently

Question 14

What happens when task intrinsic feedback is minimal or difficult to interpret and augmented is used

Answer 14

Learner ends up substituting augmented for task-intrinsic

Question 15

What happens when augmented feedback is incorrrect

Answer 15

Learners (especially early) will use augmented whether correct or not

Question 16

Two types of timing of augmented feedback

Answer 16

Terminal vs concurrent

Question 17

Terminal feedback

Answer 17

Augmented feedback is provided after the movement/performance attempt

Question 18

Concurrent augmented feedback

Answer 18

Provided during the movement/performance
- usually enhances task-intrinsic feedback

Question 19

When can concurrent feedback have a negative effect

Answer 19

If the performer becomes dependent on that type
- performance could be impaired if removed

Question 20

Which feedback is more beneficial for motor learning

Answer 20

Terminal

Question 21

How do you know if concurrent feedback will impair motor learning?

Answer 21

Informativeness - if instrinsic not informative and if augmented highly informative then lead to dependency on augmented
If distracts attention from critical task intrinsic it will have negative effect

Question 22

How do you know if concurrent feedback will enhance motor learning?

Answer 22

If it facilitates the learning of the critical task intrinsic feedback
- positive effect if it directs attention to critical task-intrinsic
- negative if distracts attention

Question 23

Why is reduced frequency of augmented feedback sometimes better

Answer 23

Because of the guidance hypothesis

Question 24

What is the guidance hypothesis

Answer 24

Feedback after every trial may lead to a different type of learning
Less frequent encourages different learning strategies like active problem solving and does not create a dependency
More errors more learning

Question 25

4 techniques to reduce augmented feedback

Answer 25

1. Performance based bandwidths 2. Yoking 3. Self selected frequency 4. Summary and averaged augmented feedback

Question 26

Performance bandwidth

Answer 26

A range of acceptable errors in which augmented feedback is not provided - technique works best if performer know no KR means correct - allows individual reduction of feedback frequency specific to the learner and their rate of learning

Question 27

Yoking

Answer 27

Pairing participants to recieve the same frequency of feedback but for different reasons Ex) Participant 1a receives feedback based on 10% error based performance bandwidth, 1b is yoked to 1a and receives feedback on same trials regardless of performance

Question 28

Self selected frequency

Answer 28

- learner only receives feedback upon their request - shown to enhance motor learning - less then 100%

Question 29

what is the enhanced learning from self selected frequency due to

Answer 29

Reduced frequency of feedback - allows beginners to engage in problem solving - motivation to keep practicing

Question 30

Summary and averaged augmented feedback

Answer 30

- provide a list of info after certain number of trials - useful is feedback cannot be given after every trial - simples skills, longer summaries - complex skills, shorter summaries

Question 31

How does augmented feedback enhance motor learning

Answer 31

Improve rate of learning or level of performance beyond what is possible with only task-intrinsic

Question 32

What are 2 types of verbal KP

Answer 32

Descriptive or prescriptive

Question 33

Descriptive verbal KP

Answer 33

Describes the performance error

Question 34

What is prescriptive verbal KP

Answer 34

Identifies error and provides corrective info

Question 35

What is the best type of verbal KP

Answer 35

Depends on stage of learning - beginners- prescriptive - advanced- self correct using descriptive

Question 36

What does the effectiveness of video KP depend on

Answer 36

On the skill level of the performer Beginners- expert evaluator to highlight critical info Advanced- may not need extra info but benefit from an experts feedback

Question 37

What is more effective verbal or video KP

Answer 37

Video replay may be no more effective than verbal for components not easily seen

Question 38

Kinematic KP

Answer 38

Provides feedback about some aspect of the movement that is otherwise difficult to perceive

Question 39

What is the advantage of kinematic KP

Answer 39

Depends on skill being learned - skills with clear task-intrinsic or well-known tasks may not benefit from extra info

Question 40

Biofeedback KP

Answer 40

Augmented form of task-intrinsic feedback related to the activity - potential for dependence exists but overall effective in enhancing motor learning

Question 41

What should feedback consist of

Answer 41

Feedback about what was wrong is more helpful than what was right - must balance because may not enhance motivation