Neuromotor Basis For Motor Control

Question 1

Central nervous system

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Neuromotor system

Answer 2

Components of the CNS and PNS involved in control of coordinated movement

Question 3

Neuron

Answer 3

Nerve cell

Question 4

Parts of the neuron

Answer 4

Cell body (contains nucleus)
Dendrites (receive info)
Axon

Question 5

3 types of neurons

Answer 5

Sensory
Interneuron
Motor neuron

Question 6

Sensory neuron

Answer 6

Afferent (arriving at brain)
- send info to CNS from sensory receptors
Unipolar : 1 axon, no dendrites

Question 7

Motor neurons

Answer 7

Effferent

Question 8

Alpha motor neurons

Answer 8

From spinal cord to extrafusal muscle fibers (skeletal muscle fibers contracting)

Question 9

Gamma motor neurons

Answer 9

From spinal cord to intrafusal muscle fibers (specialized skeletal muscles for proprioception)

Question 10

Interneurons

Answer 10

• communication between neurons
• within spinal cord

Question 11

How does an interneuron between afferent and efferent work

Answer 11

Sensory detects heat afferent - interneuron- efferent - muscle contracts withdraws finger

Question 12

4 areas associated with motor control in brain

Answer 12

Diencephalon
Cerebrum
Brainstem
Cerebellum

Question 13

Two halves of Cerebrum

Answer 13

Right and left cerebral hemispheres with corpus callosum between

Question 14

What’s the cerebrum covered by

Answer 14

Cerebral cortex

Question 15

Cortical lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 15

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Question 16

Location of the primary motor cortex

Answer 16

Anterior to central sulcus
Dorsal portion of frontal lobe

Question 17

function of primary motor cortex

Answer 17

• initiate and coordinate movements
• control fine motor skills
• control and learn postural coordination

Question 18

Location of somatosensory cortex

Answer 18

Posterior to central sulcus

Question 19

Function of somatosensory cortex

Answer 19

• receive sensory info from body
• association areas integrate cognitive, sensory and motor signals

Question 20

Location of pre motor cortex

Answer 20

Frontal lobe, anterior to primary motor cortex

Question 21

Function of pre motor cortex

Answer 21

• organization of movements before initiation
• involved in observational learning
• selecting voluntary movements (simple)

Question 22

Mirror neurons

Answer 22

Visuomotor neurons within premotor cortex that activate when observing movement

Question 23

Location of supplementary motor area (SMA)

Answer 23

Medial surface of frontal lobe anterior to portions of primary motor cortex (above premotor)

Question 24

Function of supplementary motor area

Answer 24

• controls movement sequences
• coordinates movement between limbs
• controls posture
• involved in control of complex movements

Question 25

Location of parietal lobe

Answer 25

Posterior to central sulcus Anterior to occipital lobe

Question 26

Function of parietal lobe

Answer 26

- perception of sensory input (taste, touch, temp, pain) - integration of sensory input with movement prep and execution (integration with premotor, primary motor and SMA cortexes before and during movement) - involved in speech production and language processing

Question 27

Location of basal ganglia

Answer 27

Below cerebral hemispheres

Question 28

Function of basal ganglia

Answer 28

- manage voluntary movement (planning and initiation) - motor learning and adaptation - control size of movement - involved in cognition

Question 29

2 parts of diencephalon

Answer 29

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 30

Location of thalamus

Answer 30

- superior to brainstem between cortex and midbrain

Question 31

Function of thalamus

Answer 31

- relay station - involved in control of attention, mood, perception of pain, consciousness, sleep, alertness - connects with cortex and midbrain

Question 32

Location of hypothalamus

Answer 32

- below thalamus - part of limbic system

Question 33

Function of hypothalamus

Answer 33

- control of endocrine system and body homeostasis

Question 34

Two pathways of basal ganglia

Answer 34

Direct and indirect

Question 35

Direct pathway of basal ganglia

Answer 35

- makes movement - facilitates movement by removing inhibition of thalamus - allows thalamus to be more active to transport signal to motor cortex then muscles

Question 36

Indirect pathway of basal ganglia

Answer 36

- inhibits movements - prevents unwanted movement by increasing inhibition of thalamus

Question 37

Location of cerebellum

Answer 37

- attached to brainstem - inferior to occipital lobe

Question 38

Function of cerebellum

Answer 38

- control of smooth and accurate movements - motor learning

Question 39

What are the functions of cerebellum involving motor learning

Answer 39

Error detection and correction system Eye-hand coordination, movement timing, and posture Planning movement Involved in speech production

Question 40

What is it called when a person has no cerebellum

Answer 40

Primary cerebellar a genesis

Question 41

What is affected by cerebellar a genesis

Answer 41

Walking and balance, speech and arm movements

Question 42

Why is their mild or moderate motor deficiency from primary cerebellar agenesis

Answer 42

Extra cerebellar motor system plasticity

Question 43

3 parts of brainstem involved in motor control

Answer 43

Pons Medulla oblongata Reticular formation

Question 44

Location of pons

Answer 44

Middle of brain stem

Question 45

Function of pons

Answer 45

- bridge between cerebral cortex and cerebellum - involved in control of various body functions (chewing, bladder control, sleep cycles) - involved in balance control

Question 46

Location of medulla oblongata

Answer 46

Lowest portion of brain stem below pons

Question 47

Function of medulla oblongata

Answer 47

- regulatory center for internal physiologic process (breathing, heartbeat, BP) - cross over point for many neural pathways (tracts)

Question 48

Location of reticular formation

Answer 48

Throughout brainstem

Question 49

Function of reticular formation

Answer 49

- integrates sensory and motor info - inhibits/excites neural signals to skeletal muscle

Question 50

What is Parkinson’s disease

Answer 50

Basal ganglia dysfunction - decreased dopamine neurons in basal ganglia and formation of proteins Progressive and terminal

Question 51

Cause of Parkinson’s

Answer 51

Unknown etiology

Question 52

Cardinal features of Parkinson’s

Answer 52

1. Slow movements (bradykinesia) 2. Resting tremor 3. Rigidity (tight muscles) 4. Postural instability

Question 53

Premotor symptoms of Parkinson’s

Answer 53

- loss of smell - constipation - REM sleep behaviour disorder - can be ongoing for 5-15 years before motor symptoms

Question 54

Gait in Parkinson’s

Answer 54

Stiff, shuffling, slow Lack of arm swing Forward stooped posture Festination during stopping Freezing of gait

Question 55

Stroke

Answer 55

Damage to brain caused by an interruption to brains blood flow (aneurysm, blockage)

Question 56

Recovery from stroke includes

Answer 56

Natural recovery Relearning skills (plasticity of CNS) - depends on location of stroke

Question 57

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 57

Disease caused by inflammation and damage to the myelin covering nerves - impairs communication between cells

Question 58

How is MS diagnosed

Answer 58

MRI

Question 59

Symptoms of MS

Answer 59

Fatigues Weakness Lack of coordination Impaired sensation, vision, and bladder control Cognitive changes Mood changes