Motor Control Theories

Question 1

How do motor control theories differ

Answer 1

how we control coordinated movement differ in terms of roles of central and environmental features of a control system

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

Provides large class of observations
- provides why for basis of everything we do

Question 3

What do theories enable the practitioner to do

Answer 3

• evaluate effectiveness of intervention strategies
• create new intervention strategies
• identify performance problems
• develop approach to help person increase skill performance

Question 4

Motor control theory

Answer 4

Describes and explains how the nervous system produces coordinated movement of motor skills in a variety of environments

Question 5

Two important terms of motor control theory

Answer 5

1. Coordination
2. Degrees of freedom

Question 6

Coordination

Answer 6

Patterning of body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events

Question 7

Two parts to consider in coordination

Answer 7

• movement pattern of a skill in relationship at the specific point in time
• context of the environment of the head, body and/or limb movements so actions can be accomplished

Question 8

Degrees of freedom

Answer 8

Number of independent elements in a system and the ways each element can act

Question 9

Degrees of freedom problem

Answer 9

How to control the degrees of freedom to make a complex system act in a specific way
- getting muscles, bones, joints to move coordinated and achieve goal
- ie. control helicopter’s flight

Question 10

Degree of freedom problem for the control of movement

Answer 10

How does NS control the many degrees of freedom of muscles, limbs, and joints to enable a person to perform an action as intended (=experience)

Question 11

Two theories of motor control

Answer 11

1. Motor program based theory
2. Dynamic pattern theory

Question 12

Motor program based theory

Answer 12

Memory based mechanism that controls coordinated movement

Question 13

Dynamic pattern theory

Answer 13

Emphasizes the role of info in the environment and mechanical properties of the body and limbs

Question 14

2 general types of control systems

Answer 14

Open and closed loop control systems

Question 15

What is incorporated in all theories of motor control

Answer 15

Open and closed loop control systems

Question 16

What are control systems

Answer 16

Models of basic descriptions to show different ways the CNS and PNS initiate and control action

Question 17

What is order of open loop control system

Answer 17

Movement control center (CNS) - instructions - movement effectors (muscles)

Question 18

What is not needed in an open loop to continue skill

Answer 18

Feedback

Question 19

Order for closed loop control system

Answer 19

Movement control center (CNS) - instructions - movement effectors (muscles) -feedback - back to movement control center

Question 20

When we first learn or relearn a motor skilll what system do all performers operate in

Answer 20

Closed loop

Question 21

As we become better at motor skill what system do we switch to

Answer 21

Open loop control

Question 22

What is open loop system

Answer 22

1. Does not use feedback
2. Control center provides all info for the effectors to carry out movement
   (Does not use feedback to continue or terminate movement)

Question 23

Closed loop system

Answer 23

1. Uses feedback
2. Control center issues info to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement
   (Relies on feedback to continue and terminate)

Question 24

What are instructions influenced by in dynamic patter theory

Answer 24

By environment and interactions of the body, limb and nervous system

Question 25

What are instructions specified by for motor program based theory

Answer 25

CNS

Question 26

What is the control process managed by in motor program based theory

Answer 26

Motor programs

Question 27

What do motor programs do in motor program based theory

Answer 27

Organizes, initiates, and carries out intended actions

Question 28

What type of theory is the motor program based theory

Answer 28

Hierarchical orientation theory (top down)

Question 29

What does motor program based theory solve

Answer 29

The degrees of freedom problem through the motor program

Question 30

What is generalized motor program (GMP)

Answer 30

Hypothesized memory based mechanism responsible for adaptive and flexibility of coordinated movement behaviour

Question 31

What is it proposed that each GMP controls

Answer 31

A class of actions that have common invariant characteristics

Question 32

What are examples of class of actions

Answer 32

Sending (throwing, striking) vs receiving (using hands, feet, stick)

Question 33

GMP function

Answer 33

Basis for generating movement instruction prior to and during the performance of an action

Question 34

What are the 2 characteristics of GMPS

Answer 34

Invariant features (unchanging) Parameters (flexible)

Question 35

Invariant features

Answer 35

Characteristics that do not change across performances of a skill within a class of actions Ex) backhand in tennis is always shoulder internally then externally rotated

Question 36

Parameters

Answer 36

Movement features added to the invariant feature to enable performance of a skill in specific situations Can vary from one performance to another

Question 37

Parameters that can change

Answer 37

Time can increase or decrease (overall time) Size of movement s can increase or decrease (overall force) Specifications of muscles and limbs used (how you use them)

Question 38

Examples of invariant features

Answer 38

Relative time or sequence of the components of a skill Spatial components

Question 39

Examples of parameters

Answer 39

Overal duration, force generated Muscles used to perform the skill

Question 40

What are 3 invariant features of handwriting

Answer 40

1. Relative timing 2. Relative force used 3. Sequence

Question 41

4 phases of gait cycle

Answer 41

Flexion phase (toe off to start of knee extension) Extension phase 1 (start of knee extension to heel strike) Extension phase 2 (heel strike to max knee flexion Extension phase 3 (max knee flexion to toe off)

Question 42

What is an invariant feature of walking and running gait

Answer 42

Relative timing

Question 43

What are walking and running

Answer 43

Two different motor programs - relative time in each phase is different between them - difference in percentage of step cycle for 4 phases between them

Question 44

Walking and running are controlled by different

Answer 44

Generalized motor programs

Question 45

What is the running and walking study an example of

Answer 45

The motor program based theory

Question 46

Schema

Answer 46

Rule or set of rules that serves to provide the basis for a decision

Question 47

Motor response schema

Answer 47

Explains how movements can be adapted to new situation or environments (remodeling schema)

Question 48

When performing a skill what 4 pieces of info do you subconsciously subtract

Answer 48

1. Initial conditions (start of movement) 2. Response specifications (parameter used in execution) 3. Sensory consequences of movement 4. Response outcome (end result)

Question 49

What happens to the subconscious 4 pieces of info and what used for

Answer 49

Stored in memory following a movement attempt Schema begins to develop With each movement attempt schema becomes stronger

Question 50

2 relationships between motor response and schema

Answer 50

Recall schema Recognition schema

Question 51

Recall schema

Answer 51

Responsible for organizing the motor program capable of initiating and controlling the movement

Question 52

Recognition schema

Answer 52

Responsible for evaluating the last executed movement attempt based on the initial conditions, past actual outcomes and sensory info

Question 53

What happens to schema with every attempt

Answer 53

Recall schema updates the instruction to muscles based on recognition schema which leads to more accurate response

Question 54

How does a learner decide what movement to execute in a given situation

Answer 54

By subconsciously retrieving the GMP from memory based on existing schema and parameters

Question 55

How is the desired movement organized

Answer 55

In advance by the motor program (need to establish properly)

Question 56

If motor program contains all info needed to carry out the action how does movement operate

Answer 56

Under open loop - doesnt need to revise, motor program complete

Question 57

If continually registering and evaluating accuracy of movement how is movement controlled

Answer 57

Through closed loop - still updating what doing

Question 58

In coordination the invariant features of GMP control

Answer 58

Patterns of movement

Question 59

In coordination, parameter of GMP control

Answer 59

Movement in context (allow for adaptation)

Question 60

In degrees of freedom what are motor response schema used for

Answer 60

To release GMPS at appropriate time - modifies parameters

Question 61

What are 4 criticisms of motor program based theory

Answer 61

- can brain store all necessary GMPs - how does controller continually make very quick decisions on correct GMP to release - are invariant feature never variant - how is sensory feedback used to adapt movements