FINAL 03 - Peptide Hormones and the Endocrine System Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Body system that uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released to the blood
A
Endocrine system
2
Q
From the Greek word “horman”; mammalian metabolites that are produced by endocrine or ductless glands
A
Hormones
3
Q
Lipid-soluble; derived from cholesterol; diffuse through cell membrane (Types of hormones)
A
Steroid hormone
4
Q
Testosterone, progesterone, cortisol (Types of hormones)
A
Steroid hormones
5
Q
Water-soluble; cannot penetrate the cell membrane (Types of hormones)
A
Amino acid derived hormones
6
Q
Pair of small glands located at the superior medial aspect of each kidney (Major endocrine glands)
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Adrenal glands/Suprarenal glands
7
Q
2 distinct parts of adrenal glands (AA)
A
Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla
8
Q
Secretes steroid hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone (Parts of adrenal glands)
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Adrenal cortex
9
Q
Secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol) (Regions of adrenal cortex)
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Zona fasciculata
10
Q
Secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) (Regions of adrenal cortex)
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Zona glomerulosa
11
Q
Secretes gonadocorticoids (Regions of adrenal cortex)
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Zona reticularis
12
Q
Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (Parts of adrenal gland)
A
Adrenal medulla
13
Q
Elicits vasoconstriction and vasopressor effects; useful in alleviating asthmatic attacks (Hormones)
A
Epinephrine
14
Q
Epinephrine is metabolically inactivated by the enzymes ___________ and __________ (MC)
A
Monoamine oxidase (MAO), Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
15
Q
Has beta-receptor adrenergic activity (Hormones)
A
Epinephrine
16
Q
A predominantly alpha-receptor adrenergic agonist; used as a peripheral vasoconstrictor (Hormones)
A
Norepinephrine/Levarterenol
17
Q
Used as treatment for cardiac decompensation and acute hypotension (Hormones)
A
Dopamine
18
Q
Dopamine at __________ doses elicit alpha receptor effects (vasoconstriction and increased BE)
A
Higher
19
Q
Dopamine at __________ doses produces vasodilation including the kidneys, resulting in increased urinary flow
A
Low
20
Q
Located inferior to the larynx and attached to the trachea (Major endocrine glands)
A
Thyroid glands
21
Q
2 components required to make thyroid hormones (IT)
A
Iodine, Thyroglobulin
22
Q
Obtained from diet (Components required to make thyroid hormones)
A
Iodine
23
Q
Produced by thyroid follicular cells (Components required to make thyroid hormones)
A
Thyroglobulin
24
Q
2 thyroid hormones (TT)
A
Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4)
25
Regulation of thyroid hormone starts at the __________
Hypothalamus
26
Underactive thyroid; may be caused by iodine deficiency and lack of precursor hormones (Thyroid diseases)
Hypothyroidism
27
Hypothyroidism may result in ___________ in infants and ___________ in adults (CM)
Cretinism, Myxedema
28
Thyroid hyperactivity; results in thyrotoxicosis characterized by increased heart rate (Thyroid diseases)
Hyperthyroidism
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Hyperthyroidism is called __________ if accompanied by protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos)
Grave's/Basedow's disease
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Is the cleaned, dried, and powdered thyroid gland previously deprived of connective tissue and fat (Thyroid products)
Thyroid
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Contains NLT 0.085% and NMT 0.125% of total thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and the ratio of thyroxine to triiodothyronine is NLT 5 (Thyroid products)
Thyroid
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Used for hypothyroidism; dose is 15-180 mg daily (Thyroid products)
Thyroid
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Prescription products include Thyrar, S-P-T, and Thyro-Teric (Thyroid products)
Thyroid
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Obtained by fractionation of porcine thyroid gland (Sus scrofa); contains thyroxine and triiodothyronine in a ratio of NLT 2.8 (Thyroid products)
Thyroglobulin
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Used in essentially the same manner as thyroid; dose is 16-200 mg (Thyroid products)
Thyroglobulin
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Prescription product is Proloid (Thyroid products)
Thyroglobulin
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Sodium salt of the levo isomer of thyroxine (Thyroid products)
Sodium levothyroxine
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Used for replacement therapy of reduced or completely absent thyroid function; usual dose is 25-300 mcg once a day (Thyroid products)
Sodium levothyroxine
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Sodium salt of the of the levorotatory isomer of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (Thyroid products)
Sodium liothyronine
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Used for the same purposes as sodium levothyroxine; usual dose is 5-100 mcg once a day (Thyroid products)
Sodium liothyronine
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Is a 4:1 mixture of synthetic sodium levothyroxine and sodium liothyronine; closely resembles endogenous thyroid secretion (Thyroid products)
Liotrix
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Salt of the synthetically prepared dextrorotatory isomer of thyroxine; effective in a high dose up to 8 mg in the treatment of hypothyroidism (Thyroid products)
Sodium dextrothyroxine
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Situation in a small cavity in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull; came from the Latin word "pituita" which means slime or mucus (Major thyroid glands)
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
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2 lobes of the pituitary gland (AP)
Anterior lobe, Posterior lobe
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Referred to as the "master gland" because together with the hypothalamus it regulates endocrine functions (Lobes of pituitary gland)
Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis)
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Produces six major hormones, prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (Lobes of pituitary gland)
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
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Secretes ADH and oxytocin (Lobes of pituitary gland)
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
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A straight-chain polypeptide containing 39 amino acid residues (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/Corticotropin
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A sterile preparation of the peptide hormone that is derived from the pituitary of mammals used for food by humans (ACTH products)
Corticotropin injection
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Corticotropin solution in a partially hydrolyzed gelatin; has a prolonged therapeutic effect (ACTH products)
Respiratory corticotropin injection
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A synthetically prepared peptide subunit of corticotropin and is used as a diagnostic aid in suspected adrenal insufficiency (ACTH products)
Cosyntropin
52
A gonad stimulating polypeptide hormone obtained from the urine of pregnant women; used to treat infertility (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG/Choriogonadotropin)
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A purified preparation of gonadotropins obtained from the urine of postmenopausal women; used to enhance fertility and stimulate spermatogenesis (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Menotropins/Urogonadotropin
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A synthetic decapeptide that is identical to the gonadotropin releasing factor of the hypothalamus; used diagnostically in suspected gonadotropin; usual test dose is 100 mcg IV/SC deficiency (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Gonadorelin
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Stimulates linear growth of bones during development (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Growth hormone/Somatropin/Somatotropin
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Condition where there is hypofunction of growth hormone in children; have abnormally short stature with normal body proportions (Pituitary gland diseases)
Pituitary dwarfism/Dwarfism
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Condition where there is atrophy of extremities in adults; there is low GH (Pituitary gland diseases)
Acromicria
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It is obtained from bovine glands; used primarily as a diagnostic aid in evaluating thyroid function, including distinction between primary and secondary hypothyroidism (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Thyrotropin
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Hormone identical to the thyrotropin-releasing factor from the hypothalamus; used to distinguish between secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism
Protirelin
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Uterine-stimulating fraction; allows the uterus to contract, release milk from the breast, and is present during ejaculation in males (Posterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Oxytocin (α-hypophamine)
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Is the antidiuretic principle; the pressor effects of this hormone are observed only when large quantities are administered (Posterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Vasopressin (B-hypophamine)
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Injection used to control neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus; also used as a peristaltic stimulant and to control acute hemorrhage
Vasopressin injection
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Synthetically prepared peptide hormone; available as a nasal spray for treatment of diabetes insipidus (Posterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Lypressin/Lysine-vasopressin
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Synthetic analog of arginine-vasopressin; long DOA; used for the same purposes as vasopressin (Posterior pituitary lobe hormones)
Desmopressin (1-deamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin)
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Has two main functions: helps in digestion (exocrine) and regulates blood sugar (endocrine) (Major endocrine glands)
Pancreas
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Endocrine component of the pancreas that produces the hormonal substances
Islets of Langerhans
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2 main pancreatic hormones (IG)
Insulin, Glucagon
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Formed by B-cells (Pancreatic hormones)
Insulin
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Produced by the a-cell (Pancreatic hormones)
Glucagon
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Elicits a hyperglycemic response by increasing adenyl cyclase; a key factor in glycogenolysis (Pancreatic hormones)
Glucagon
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Its hypoglycemic action appears to involve glucokinase, membrane transport, and other factors associated with glucose metabolism (Pancreatic hormones)
Insulin
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Condition that involves hypofunctioning pancreas which results in insulin deficiency; first described by Auretaeus as a siphoning flesh in the urine (Pancreatic diseases)
Diabetes mellitus
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A polypeptide hormone identical to human glucagon that increases blood glucose; used in the treatment of severe hypoglycemia (Pancreatic hormone products)
Glucagon for injection
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A prompt-acting preparation with a peak of action at 2-5 hours; preparation of choice when glucose tolerance fluctuates rapidly (Pancreatic hormone products)
Insulin injection/Insulin
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A sterile suspension, in a phosphate buffer, of insulin modified by the addition of zinc chloride and protamine (Pancreatic hormone products)
Protamine zinc insulin suspension/Protamine zinc insulin
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Prepared from the sperm or from the mature testes of fish belonging to the Genus Oncorhynchus or Salmo (Fam: Salmonidae)
Protamine
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A crystalline suspension of insulin with protamine and zinc, providing an intermediate acting insulin with onset of action in 1-3 hours and duration of action up to 24 hours (Pancreatic hormone products)
Isophane insulin suspension/Isophane insulin/NPH insulin
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An intermediate acting insulin; suspended in an acetate buffer to provide prolonged duration of action (Pancreatic hormone products)
Insulin zinc suspension/Lente insulin
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A sterile suspension in an acetate buffer and modified by the addition of zinc chloride (crystalline); longer DOA; the DOA persists over 36 hours (Pancreatic hormone products)
Extended insulin zinc suspension/Ultralente insulin
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A sterile suspension in an acetate buffer and modified by the addition of zinc chloride (amorphous); shorter DOA (Pancreatic hormone products)
Prompt insulin zinc suspension/Semilente insulin
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Situated upon or embedded in the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland; exert a hormonal control over calcium metabolism (Major endocrine glands)
Parathyroid glands
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Condition if serum calcium falls from normal (Parathyroid gland diseases)
Tetany
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Parathyroid hyperfunction; characterized by bone pain and marked elevation of calcium with a fall in serum phosphate (Parathyroid gland diseases)
Recklinghausen's disease of bone (Osteitis fibrosa cystica)
84
A straight-chain polypeptide containing 83-amino acid residues; used parenterally in medicine for blood-calcium maintenance in cases of parathyroid tetany (Parathyroid gland hormones)
Parathyroid hormone/Parathyrin
85
Analog that may be used as a substitute for PTH; may be given orally
Dihydrotachysterol
86
Produced by the parafollicular or C-cells of the thyroid gland; used to treat Paget's disease (osteitis deformans) and postmenopausal osteoporosis (Thyroid gland hormones)
Calcitonin
87
__________ lowers calcium levels in the blood by reducing the release of calcium from bones (Thyroid gland hormones)
Calcitonin
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (Endocrine gland)
Hypothalamus
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (Endocrine gland)
Hypothalamus
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (Endocrine gland)
Hypothalamus
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Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) (Endocrine gland)
Hypothalamus
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Somatostatin (Endocrine gland)
Hypothalamus
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Meaning of CRH
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
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Meaning of GnRH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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Meaning of TRH
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
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Meaning of GHRH
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
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Stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Hypothalamus hormone)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
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Stimulates the pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (Hypothalamus hormone)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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Stimulates the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (Hypothalamus hormone)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
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Stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary (Hypothalamus hormone)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
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Inhibits the release of GH from the pituitary (Hypothalamus hormone)
Somatostatin
102
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Endocrine gland)
Anterior pituitary gland
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) (Endocrine gland)
Anterior pituitary gland
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (Endocrine gland)
Anterior pituitary gland
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (Endocrine gland)
Anterior pituitary gland
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Growth hormone (GH) (Endocrine gland)
Anterior pituitary gland
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Meaning of ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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Meaning of LH
Luteinizing hormone
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Meaning of FSH
Follicle stimulating horone
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Meaning of TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
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Meaning of GH
Growth hormone
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Stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex (Anterior pituitary hormones)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
113
In women, stimulates the production of sex hormones; in men, stimulates testosterone production in the testes (Anterior pituitary hormones)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
114
In women, stimulates follicle development; in men, stimulates sperm production (Anterior pituitary hormones)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Stimulates the release of thyroid hormone (Anterior pituitary hormones)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
116
Promotes the body's growth and development (Anterior pituitary hormones)
Growth hormone (GH)
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Controls milk production (Anterior pituitary hormones)
Prolactin
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Vasopressin (Endocrine gland)
Posterior pituitary gland
119
Oxytocin (Endocrine gland)
Posterior pituitary gland
120
Helps control the body's water and electrolyte levels (Posterior pituitary hormones)
Vasopressin
121
Promotes uterine contraction during labor and activates milk ejection in nursing women (Anterior pituitary hormones)
Oxytocin
122
Cortisol (Endocrine gland)
Adrenal cortex
123
Aldosterone (Endocrine gland)
Adrenal cortex
124
Helps control carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism; protects against stress (Adrenal cortex hormones)
Cortisol
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Helps control the body's water and electrolyte regulation (Adrenal cortex hormones)
Aldosterone
126
Estrogen (produced by the follicle) (Endocrine gland)
Ovaries
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Progesterone (produced by the corpus luteum) (Adrenal cortex hormones)
Ovaries
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Stimulates the development of the female reproductive organs (Ovary hormones)
Estrogen (produced by the follicle)
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Prepares uterus for pregnancy and mammary glands for lactation (Ovary hormones)
Progesterone (produced by the corpus luteum)
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Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) (Endocrine gland)
Thyroid gland
131
Calcitonin (Endocrine gland)
Thyroid gland
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Controls metabolic processes in all cells (Thyroid gland hormones)
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
133
Helps control calcium metabolism (lowers calcium levels) (Thyroid gland hormones)
Calcitonin
134
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (Endocrine gland)
Parathyroid gland
135
Helps control calcium metabolism (increases calcium levels) (Parathyroid gland hormones)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Insulin (Endocrine gland)
Pancreas
137
Glucagon (Endocrine gland)
Pancreas
138
Helps control carbohydrate metabolism (lowers blood sugar levels) (Pancreatic hormones)
Insulin
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Helps control carbohydrate metabolism (increases blood sugar levels) (Pancreatic hormones)
Glucagon
140
From the Greek word "stereos" which means solid
Sterols
141
Most widely occurring sterol; first isolated from human gallstones; one of the chief constituents of lanolin (Types of sterols)
Cholesterol
142
Principal sterol in fungi; also known as pro-vitamin D2 (Types of sterols)
Ergosterol
143
The most common sterol in plants (Types of sterols)
B-sitosterol
144
Sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones are examples of __________
Steroid hormones
145
Estrogens, progestins, and androgens are examples of __________ (Steroid hormones)
Sex hormones
146
Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are examples of __________ (Steroid hormones)
Adrenocortical hormones
147
Cortisone and hydrocortisone are examples of __________ (Adrenocortical steroids)
Glucocorticoids
148
Desoxycorticosterone and aldosterone are examples of __________ (Adrenocortical steroids)
Mineralocorticoids
149
Functions primarily to restore a balance of sodium and potassium in body fluids and to restore kidney function in cortical deficiency (Adrenocortical steroids - mineralocorticoids)
Desoxycorticosterone/Desoxycortone
150
Condition wherein the adrenal glands do not make enough cortisol (Adrenal gland diseases)
Addison's disease
151
Used to treat RA, Addison's disease, and certain allergic and asthmatic conditions; has sodium retaining property (Adrenocortical steroids - glucocorticoids)
Cortisone
152
The principal glucocorticoid of the adrenal cortex; has sodium retention property (Adrenocortical steroids - glucocorticoids)
Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
153
__________ and ___________ is water soluble; used in parenteral preparations when IV administration is indicated (Hydrocortisone products) (HH)
Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, Hydrocortisone succinate
154
__________ and ____________ are exocrine as well as endocrine in function (Gonads) (OT)
Ovaries, Testes
155
Development of ovarian follicles and formation of ova and estrogen; development of testes and the maturation of the spermatozoa (Gonad hormones)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
156
Development of corpora lutea in the ovarian follicles after ovulation; formation of progesterone by the corpora lutea; production of androgen in the matured testis (Gonad hormones)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
157
____________ refers to the male hormones
Androgens
158
__________ refers to the female hormones
Estrogens
159
The active male hormone; not administered orally (Gonad hormones)
Testosterone
160
Endocrine gland situated on each lateral pelvic wall in the posterior layer of the broad ligament behind and below the lateral extremity of each fallopian tube (oviduct)
Ovary
161
3 major estrogenic hormones (EEE)
Estradiol, Estriol, Estrone
