FINAL

Question 1

lifestyle diseases

Answer 1

heart disease and stroke
type 2 diabetes
alzheimers progression
some cancers
early death

Question 2

metabolic syndrome symptoms

Answer 2

insulin resistance
abdominal obesity
atherogenic dyslipidemia
hypertension
prothrombotic state
proinflammatory state (high C-reactive protein)

Question 3

amenorrhea

Answer 3

absence of menstruation cycle

Question 4

negative effects of high fructose intake

Answer 4

lipogenic effects
metabolic disorders
hypertension
glycation of proteins

Question 5

gastroileal reflex

Answer 5

inc gastric activity

inc ileum motility

Question 6

ileogastric reflex

Answer 6

ileum distension

dec gastric motility

Question 7

intestino-intestinal reflex

Answer 7

extreme distension of one segment

inc relaxation of other segments

Question 8

true hermaphroditism

Answer 8

expression of sry gene in some embryonic cells but not others
combination of ovary, testis, and ovotestes

Question 9

klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 9

xxy
most common sex chromosome disorder
small testicles, reduced fertility

Question 10

turner’s syndrome

Answer 10

xo

female sex, infertile, short in stature

Question 11

SRY

Answer 11

testis-determining factor

presence: production of TDF, testes
absence: no TDF, ovaries

Question 12

testosterone

Answer 12

produced by leydig cells of testes

stimulates development of wolffian duct and male external genitalia

Question 13

anti-mullerian hormone

Answer 13

produced by sertoli cells of testes

stimulates regression of mullerian duct

Question 14

genital tubercle

Answer 14

F: clitoris (10 weeks)
M: glans penis (at birth)

Question 15

urethral folds and groove

Answer 15

F: labia minora, opening of vagina (at birth)
M: shaft of penis (at birth)

Question 16

labioscrotal swellings

Answer 16

F: labia majora (at birth)
M: shaft of penis and scrotum (at birth)

Question 17

gonad (cortex)

Answer 17

F: ovary (10 weeks)

Question 18

gonad (medulla)

Answer 18

M: testis (10 weeks)

Question 19

wolffian duct

Answer 19

M: epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle (at birth)

Question 20

mullerian duct

Answer 20

F: fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina (at birth)

Question 21

pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 21

aka intersex

gonads and external genitalia don’t match

Question 22

congential adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 22

female version of intersex
excessive secretion of androgens from adrenal cortex
masculinized genitalia

Question 23

testicular feminization syndrome

Answer 23

male version of intersex
have normal testes that remain in body
lack testosterone receptors
female genitalia develop
appears to be female who does not menstruate and is infertile

Question 24

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Answer 24

male version of intersex
lacking the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT
normal internal genitalia, poorly developed penis and scrotum

Question 25

follicular phase

Answer 25

``` follicle growth in ovary and egg maturation FSH -> follicle growth estrogen -< FSH, LH late: high estrogen -> GnRH LH -> androgens ```

Question 26

ovulation

Answer 26

ripened follicles and release of oocytes high estrogen -> LH surge, FSH spike high inhibin -< FSH, new follicle low progesterone -> GnRH, LH

Question 27

luteal phase

Answer 27

ruptured follicle into corpus luteum in preparation for pregnancy corpus luteum -> progesterone, estrogen high progesterone -> maintain endometrium inhibin -< new follicle late: pregnancy: corpus luteum -> progesterone, estrogen, inhibin no pregnancy: corpus luteum disintegrates less progesterone, estrogen, inhibin menses -> high FSH, high LH, new follicle

Question 28

menses

Answer 28

no pregnancy, bleeding from uterus

Question 29

proliferative phase

Answer 29

new layer of endometrium in preparation for pregnancy

Question 30

secretory phase

Answer 30

conversion of endometrium to secretory structure

Question 31

lipogenic effects of high fructose intake

Answer 31

increased body fat increased dislipidemia fatty liver syndrome

Question 32

metabolic disorders of high fructose intake

Answer 32

``` decreased insulin sensitivity increased insulin resistance hyperinsulinemia interferes with ghrelin regulation leptin resistance ```

Question 33

addison's disease

Answer 33

low cortisol

Question 34

cushing's syndrome

Answer 34

high cortisol

Question 35

grave's disease

Answer 35

hyperthyroidism

Question 36

osteoporosis

Answer 36

bone resorption > bone formation

Question 37

acromegaly

Answer 37

excess growth hormone

Question 38

dwarfism

Answer 38

low growth hormone

Question 39

leptin

Answer 39

feedback from adipocytes to hypothalamus to decrease appetite

Question 40

ghrelin

Answer 40

from stomach, peptide hormone that stimulates appetite

Question 41

neuropeptide Y

Answer 41

brain neurotransmitter that stimulates appetite

Question 42

cortisol

Answer 42

increases muscle breakdown to get glucose decreases intestinal calcium absorption suppresses immune system increases lipolysis

Question 43

low plasma calcium feedback loop

Answer 43

``` low plasma calcium CaSR (GPCR) on parathyroid gland ? parathyroid gland PTH kidney, bone kidney: inc renal reabsorption, inc calcitrol synth, which inc intestinal absorption bone: inc bone resorption increase in plasma calcium ```