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Viruses minus Basic Flashcards

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1
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

features / diseases

A

herpes labialis - waist up
eicosahedrical core
cold sores, corneal ulcers, encephalitis, neonatal herpes

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2
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

pathogenesis

A 
lytic in epithelial cells
vesicular rash (lips and nose)
lysogenic in trigeminal ganglia
herpatic neuritis
herpes whitlow
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3
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

epidemiology

A

80% americans, 40% recurrent

60% asymptomatic

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4
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

prevention

A

avoid contact with lesions

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5
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

features / diseases

A

herpes genitalis - waist down
eicosahedrical core
neonatal herpes

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6
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

pathogenesis

A 
lytic in epithelial
vesicular rash (genitals)
lysogenic in sacral ganglia
herpatic neuritis
herpes whitlow
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7
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

prevention

A

avoid contact with lesions

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8
Q

varicella - zoster

features / diseases

A

chicken pox
shingles
viremia
systemic infection

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9
Q

varicella - zoster

pathogenesis

A

same as herpes

repetitive shingles in elderly, can lead to neuritis

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10
Q

varicella - zoster

prevention / treatment

A

avoid contact with lesions

no drugs necessary if immunocompetentantivirals

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11
Q

epstein barr virus

features / diseases

A

infectious mononucleosis

lymphomas and cancer

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12
Q

epstein barr virus

pathogenesis

A

60-70% asymptomatic
sometimes symptoms for up to 1 year
increased number of lymphocytes is a sign
tonsils/spleen become enlarged, can cause strep
infects WBCs

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13
Q

cytomegalovirus

features / diseases

A

most common cause of congenital abnormalities
fever, lethargy in healthy
pneumonia, hepatitis, retinitis in immunocomp

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14
Q

cytomegalovirus

pathogenesis

A

lytic in epithelial cells
lysogenic in neurons and WBCs
histology- owl eye inclusion

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15
Q

cytomegalovirus

prevention

A

pregnant women without CMV stay away from kids
exposure before pregnancy does not transfer to baby
isolation of shedding individuals

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16
Q

herpes virus 8

diseases

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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17
Q

herpes virus 8

pathogenesis

A

lysogeny in neurons and WBCs

sometimes asymptomatic

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18
Q

herpes virus 8

transmission

A

increased risk if immunocomp (HIV)

5-20% incidence

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19
Q

herpes virus 8

prevention

A

avoid direct contact

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20
Q

papillomavirus (HPV)

features / diseases

A

100 types of virus (30 genital, 70 skin)
papillomas: benign skin tumor, genital warts
cervical/ penis cancers

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21
Q

papillomavirus (HPV)

pathogenesis

A

slow replication
hard to grow in lab
inhibits checkpoint proteins in cell cycle
HPV 16/18 inactivate tumor suppressor genes (p53, Rb), increase risk of mutations
increase in number and size of lesions increases risk of cancer
80% of cases are single small lesions

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22
Q

influenza

features / diseases

A

genome in 8 segments
hemagglutinin (16) and neuraminidase (9) in envelope
respiratory infection only
(A- most common, humans, can cause pandemic
B- limited epidemics in humans
C- mostly in animals)
seasonal flu
pandemic flu (every 20 years, killed 4% world pop in 1918)

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23
Q

influenza

pathogenesis

A

replicates in nucleus
lytic in lungs
antigenic shift: avian flu + regular flu -> new deadly virus
host immune response worse than infection

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24
Q

mumps

features / diseases

A

paramyxovirus

mumps- parotid gland swelling

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25
mumps | pathogenesis
upper respiratory tract first viremia to parotid, testes/ ovaries, pancreas
26
measles | features / disesases
single stranded RNA (negative) | paramyxovirus
27
measles | pathogenesis
lytic in immune cells viremia to skin starts in upper respiratory tract rash caused by cytotoxic T clls
28
measles | epidemiology
30 million cases/year worldwide | causes epidemics
29
rubella | features / diseases
single stranded RNA (positive) togavirus rubella and congenital rubella syndrome
30
rubella | pathogenesis
lytic in nasopharynx and lymph nodes | spreads via blood to organs and skin
31
human immunodeficiency virus | features / diseases
``` lentivirus (retrovirus) single stranded RNA has GP120 and GP41 glycoproteins to regulate inflammation = GP120 attacks CD4 cells = CP31 attacks CCR5, CXCR4 diploid virus HIV-1, HIV-2 ```
32
human immunodeficiency virus | pathogenesis
``` infects WBCs, destroys helper T cells lysogeny- hides in host chromosome steps: 1. virus fuses, enters cell 2. reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA 3. DNA becomes double stranded 4. DNA carried into nucleus by integrase (lysogeny) 5. copies make viral RNA and mRNA 6. protease breaks DNA to make proteins 7. viral assembly and budding healthy: 120-1500 CD4 cells/ul AIDS: 200-500 CD4 cells/ul acute retroviral syndrome: 3 months asymptomatic: 7-10 years, decrease 50 CD4 cells/ year AIDS: several years until death ```
33
human immunodeficiency virus | transmission
unprotected sex (receptive and anal are riskier) other STDs increases risk sharing needles
34
human immunodeficiency virus | prevention / treatment
condoms | reverse transcriptase or protease inhibitors in cocktail of drugs
35
rotavirus | diseases
most common cause of gastroenteritis in children
36
rotavirus | pathogenesis
lytic in intestinal tissue causes lesions in intestines diarrhea
37
norovirus | diseases
"stomach flu" | most common viral gastroenteritis in adults
38
norovirus | pathogenesis
lytic in intestinal tissue causes lesions in intestines diarrhea
39
norovirus | transmission
``` fecal oral (water) cruise ships ```
40
rhinovirus | features / disesases
``` 100+ types in upper respiratory tract mild resistance to detergents/ bases susceptible to acid common cold ```
41
rhinovirus | pathogenesis
lytic in lungs
42
rhinovirus | transmission
hands can survive in environment for a few days via fomites americans have 3 infections / year
43
rhinovirus | prevention / treatment
wash hands | no vaccine because too many types
44
hepatitis (all types) | symptoms
``` inflammation of liver jaundice hemoglobin -> bilirubin, biliverdin recycling liver inflam -> deposit intermediates in liver -> jaundice fever lack of appetite nausea dark urine pale feces infection resolves in 2-4 weeks ```
45
hepatitis A | features
enterovirus denatured capsid proteins by boiling survives weeks in environment and stomach
46
hepatitis A | pathogenesis
infects enterocytes, also mouth and throat spreads through blood to liver lytic in liver cleared by infected cells, can cause further damage no chronic infection
47
hepatitis A | transmission
direct or indirect contact 50% US pop exposed, 90% developing countries low mortality
48
hepatitis A | prevention / treatment
formaldehyde killed vaccine | travelers, children, anal-oral sex
49
hepatitis B | features
double stranded DNA | in liver cells
50
hepatitis B | pathogenesis
``` RNA -> DNA with reverse transcriptase DNA -> viral proteins sometimes lysogeny with integration DNA -> viral DNA polymerase -> DNA lytic in liver cells ```
51
hepatitis B | transmission
direct transmission only asians more susceptible 90% infected neonate -> chronic carriers cirrhosis: liver tissue replaced by scar tissue; or liver failure or cancer
52
hepatitis B | prevention / treatment
virus subunits vaccine health professionals, STDs, IV users, transfusions treatment only for chronic carriers alpha interferon inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and viral DNA polymerase
53
hepatitis C | features
single stranded RNA hypervariable genome in liver cells
54
hepatitis C | pathologenesis
RNA -> DNA reverse transcriptase hard to control replication because virus keeps changing immune system attacks alcoholism increases disease 75% infected become chronic carriers 10% of cases cause cancer, cirrhosis, liver failure
55
hepatitis C | transmission
4 million americans infected | direct contact only
56
hepatitis C | prevention / treatment
avoid blood contact (drug users) alpha interferon reverse transcriptase inhibitors new drugs with 50%+ cure rate
57
hepatitis D | features
defective virus only infects HBV individuals no capsid protein genome
58
hepatitis D | pathogenesis
uses capsid of HBVincreases liver damage speed
59
hepatitis E | features
major cause of enteric transmitted hepatitis in asia, africa, india, mexico, but rare in US (diff from HAV) can infect pigs
60
hepatitis E | pathogenesis
20% infected pregnant women -> fatal hepatitis (75% mortality)
61
hepatitis E | transmission
direct and indirect contact

Physiology (16 decks)

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