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Lab Final Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

compliance

A

ability to stretch, related to inspiration

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2
Q

elasticity

A

ability to return from stretch, related to expiration

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3
Q

fibrotic lung disease

A

build-up of connective tissue in lungs

difficulty inhaling

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4
Q

emphysema

A

reduction in elastin fibers

difficulty exhaling

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5
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing at rest

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6
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased ventilation rate accompanying metabolic increase

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7
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased ventilation rate without metabolic increase

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8
Q

hypoventilation

A

decreased ventilation, accumulate co2

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9
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing (asthma)

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10
Q

apnea

A

absence of breathing

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11
Q

spirometry

A

method for assessing lung function

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12
Q

forced expiratory volume

A

percent of vital capacity exhaled in given amount of time

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13
Q

FEV 1.0

A

66-83%

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14
Q

FEV 2.0

A

75-94%

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15
Q

FEV 3.0

A

78-97%

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16
Q

maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)

A

maximum breathing capacity, measures volume and rate (L/min)

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17
Q

spirometer syringe

A

used for calibration

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18
Q

spirometer transducer

A

what is blown into

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19
Q

ml/min urine when hydrated

A

16

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20
Q

ml/min urine when dehydrated

A

0.3

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21
Q

urine per day

A

400 ml

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22
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

(vasopressin) increase water reabsorption

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23
Q

aldosterone

A

increase SODIUM reabsorption, increase osmolarity (helps maintain body water)

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24
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

from heart, reduce body water and salt, increased excretion, decrease blood pressure

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25
glycosuria
glucose in urine
26
proteinuria
protein in urine
27
hematuria
rbc's in urine
28
albuminuria
protein in urine
29
urine is red
rbcs, hemoglobin, myoglobin OR dietary (beets, blackberries)
30
urine is cloudy
infection
31
leukocytes on reagent strip
uti
32
nitrate on reagent strip
uti
33
urobilinogen on reagent strip
liver obstruction
34
pH on reagent strip
normal: 5-6 alkaline: uti, yeast infection acidic: diabetes, dehydration, gout, fever
35
ketones on reagent strip
(ketonuria) | diabetes, starvation, high protein diets, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
36
blood on reagent strip
cystitis, kidney disease, menstruation, kidney stones, benign prostrate hypertrophy, damage to filter
37
hemoglobin from additional testing if blood on reagent strip
excessive burns, crushing injury, hypertension, snake venom, malaria, sickle cell anemia
38
bilirubin on reagent strip
liver disorder, hepatitis, obstructed bile duct
39
protein on reagent strip
kidney disorder, toxemia during pregnancy, renal disease | sometimes high after exercise
40
glucose on reagent strip
diabetes mellitus
41
diabetes mellitus
excess glucose in blood, spills over into urine
42
diabetes insipidus
posterior pituitary secretes low amount of ADH; rapid urine production
43
refractometer
instrument to test specific gravity, in g/100ml
44
high specific gravity
above 1.035 | dehydration, liver failure, heart failure, diabetes m., high protein in blood
45
low specific gravity
1.000 - 1.004 | dilute urine, diabetes i., kidney infection, cystic fibrosis
46
cells in microscope
more than 0-2 per 400x field is abnormal
47
casts in microscope
small number is normal | large number means renal disease
48
crystals in microscope
normal: calcium oxalate, triphosphates abnormal: cysteine, lysine large amount: kidney stones, gout arthritis
49
fasting blood glucose
normal: <100mg/dL | after 8 hour fast
50
glucose tolerance test
normal: <140 at 2 hours overnight fast followed by ingesting 75g glucose levels monitored over 2 hours
51
hyperglycemia
blood glucose levels above normal
52
diabetes mellitus fasting blood glucose
>125 mg/dL
53
hypoglycemia
blood glucose levels below normal
54
high glucose, hormone released
insulin
55
low glucose, hormone released
glucagon
56
gland that secretes insulin, glucagon
pancreas
57
peptide hormones
insulin, glucagon protein-based, hydrophilic bind to membrane-bound receptor, 2nd messenger
58
steroid hormones
come from cholesterol lipid-based, hydrophobic most bind to cytoplasmic receptor, can act as transcription factors
59
insulin transport
binds to tyrosine-kinase receptor second messenger transcription factor glucose moves in via GLUT 4
60
GLUT 4
``` in adipose and skeletal muscle fasted state: no insulin, no GLUT 4 in membrane fed state: insulin signals cell to insert GLUT 4 into membrane, glucose enter cell ```
61
GLUT 2
in liver cells, always in membrane fasted state: cell makes glucose and transports it out via GLUT2 fed state: insulin binds to receptor, causes glucose to be converted into G6P, higher glucose concentration outside, glucose moves in via GLUT2
62
storage forms of glucose
in liver/muscle: glycogen | in adipocytes: converted to triglycerides
63
type 1 diabetes mellitus
10% autoimmune beta cells destroyed by immune system
64
type 2 diabetes mellitus
90% poor diet, no exercise, obesity increase insulin over time results in down regulation (less receptors) or desensitization (less responsive receptors)
65
treating type 2 diabetes mellitus
``` exercise, results in more GLUT4 up regulation (more receptors) ```

Physiology (16 decks)

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