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Physiology > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

dissecting microscope

A

view parts of or whole small specimens

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2
Q

compound (light) microscope

A

view clusters of cells, tissue must be cut into thin sections

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3
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

view outside surface of specimen

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4
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

view structures inside of cells, slice cell with diamond knife

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5
Q

coarse focus knob

A

used first to bring specimen into focus, never used with higher objectives

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6
Q

fine focus knob

A

used to sharpen the focus of an image, only one used for higher objectives

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7
Q

right to left

A

how to wrap microscope cord

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8
Q

measure

A

what is being evaluated in an experiment

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9
Q

unit

A

specific terms measure is reported in

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10
Q

metric units

A

units used in science, M, g, L, C

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11
Q

english units

A

units used in USA, ft, lb, gal, F

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12
Q

generic equation

A

A x B = C, A1/B1 = A2/B2

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13
Q

applied equation

A

equation that uses numbers where appropriate, always includes units

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14
Q

A x B = C

A

unit conversion equation

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15
Q

A1/B1 = A2/B2

A

concentration calculation equation

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16
Q

A1/B1

A

standard in A1/B1 = A2/B2

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17
Q

mean

A

average of a set of values

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18
Q

range

A

spread of a set of values

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19
Q

standard deviation

A

variability of set of values

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20
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside cells

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21
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside cells

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22
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid around cells

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23
Q

plasma

A

fluid around blood cells

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24
Q

semi-permeable membrane

A

membrane in which some substances can pass through, and/or some but not all solutes can pass through

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25
osmosis
diffusion of water
26
solvent
universally, water. contains the solute
27
solute
solid inside of the solvent
28
diffusion
process of solute movement
29
phospholipid bilayer
2 layers of phospholipid molecules with proteins embedded
30
phospholipid molecule
phosphate head and fatty acid tails
31
hydrophilic
likes water, polar
32
hydrophobic
repels water, non-polar, fat-based
33
cell membrane impermeability
large polar molecules, ions
34
cell membrane permeability
non-polar molecules, lipid-soluble molecules, water
35
passive transport
substances move without additional energy
36
active transport
movement requiring additional energy
37
solution
solvent + solute
38
water
universal solvent
39
state of equilibrium
goal of assive transport
40
gradient
difference between high and low concentration, substances flow from high to low
41
permeability
how easily a substance can pass through a membrane
42
temperature and surface area of membrane
if it increases, the rate of diffusion increases
43
channel proteins
protein involved in simple diffusion
44
carrier proteins
protein involved in facilitated diffusion
45
pump proteins
proteins involved in active transport
46
chemical disequilibrium
normal balance in cells
47
sodium
higher concentration in extracellular fluid
48
chlorine
higher concentration in extracellular fluid
49
calcium
higher concentration in extracellular fluid
50
potassium
higher concentration in intracellular fluid
51
osmotically active particle
solute that cannot pass through membrane and attracts water to itself
52
turgidity
firmness of a bag
53
osmotic pressure
amount of force it takes to prevent water from moving across a membrane
54
hyperosmotic
area that has more osmotically active particles than another, water moves toward this side of membrane
55
hyposmotic
area that has less osmotically active particles than another, water moves away from this side of membrane
56
isosmotic
area with the same number of osmotically active particles as another, no net movement of water
57
300 mOsM
osmolarity of human blood
58
tonicity
refers to a solution's effect on cells
59
hemolysis
cells burst (hypotonic)
60
crenation
cells shrink (hypertonic)
61
molarity
concentration of a solution based on number of moles in a liter
62
osmolarity
number of osmotically active particles in a liter of solution
63
A1/B1 = A2/B2
solve for molarity equation
64
A x B = C
molarity to osmolarity equation
65
must know osmolarity
to know the tonicity of solution, you must know
66
must know molarity
to know osmolarity of solution, you must know
67
synthesis
chemical reaction involving putting molecules together; A + B -> AB
68
hydrolysis
chemical reaction involving breaking molecules down into smaller parts; AB -> A + B
69
activation energy
amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
70
catalyze
word for speeding up a reaction
71
kinase
transfer of a phosphate in reaction
72
phosphatase
removal of phosphate in reaction
73
dehydrogenase
removal of hydrogen in reaction
74
isomerase
change in substrate structure but not make-up
75
co-factor
usually a mineral, helps to activate a molecule
76
co-enzyme
vitamin-derived molecule, helps to activate an enzyme
77
optimum
pH or temperature at which an enzyme has the highest activity
78
saturation
point of substrate concentration at which enzymes cannot work any faster
79
spectrophotometer
measures how much light is absorbed by a solution
80
absorbance
measured by spectrophotometer, higher result means a higher concentration of substrate
81
substrate
acted upon by an enzyme
82
buffer
must control for optimum pH range
83
cofactor
must be present for enzyme to function
84
stopping reagent
must be able to control how long assay runs, alters enzyme activity by extreme change in pH
85
product
measured and compared with known concentration, created in reaction
86
standard
known sample's activity

Physiology (16 decks)

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