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Physiology > Midterm 4 > Flashcards

Midterm 4 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

from right side of heart to lungs back to left side of heart

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2
Q

systemic circuit

A

from left side of heart to tissues back to right side of heart

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3
Q

blood vessel with most smooth muscle

A

artery

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4
Q

blood vessel with most elastic tissue

A

artery

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5
Q

blood vessels without smooth muscle

A

Capillaries, venules

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6
Q

blood vessels without fibrous tissues

A

arterioles, capillaries

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7
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of a fluid against the walls of its container

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8
Q

hydraulic pressure

A

blood is flowing and pushing against walls, not static

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9
Q

factors affecting resistance

A

radius of blood vessels
length of blood vessels
viscosity of blood

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10
Q

% blood to brain

A

14%

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11
Q

% blood to heart

A

4%

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12
Q

% blood to kidney

A

20%

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13
Q

% blood to skeletal muscle

A

21%

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14
Q

capillary filtration

A

fluid moves out of capillaries driven by capillary’s hydrostatic pressure; arteriole end

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15
Q

capillary absorption

A

fluid moves into capillaries driven by colloid osmotic pressure; venule end

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16
Q

red blood cell make up

A

no nucleus
no mitochondria
hemoglobin
enzymes

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17
Q

RBCs

A

5 million / 1 ul

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18
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days

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19
Q

jaundice

A

elevated levels of bilirubin

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20
Q

bilirubin

A

remnants of heme group from RBC

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21
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs destroyed

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22
Q

pernicious anemia

A

low vitamin B12, missing intrinsic factor in digestive tract

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23
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

iron intake > iron loss

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24
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic defect alters shape of hemoglobin

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25
polycythemia vera
too many RBCs produced because stem cell malfunctioning, hematocrit = 60-70%
26
normal hematocrit
40-50%
27
relative polycythemia
normal RBC count, low plasma from dehydration
28
immune system: incorrect responses
autoimmune disease: can't differentiate between self and foreign antigen
29
immune system: overactive response
allergies: immune response to non-pathogen antigens
30
immune system: lack of response
immunodeficiency disease: immune system fails to respond to foreign antigen / pathogen
31
red pulp
macrophages in lymphoid organ
32
white pulp
lymphocytes in lymphoid organ
33
eosinophils
allergic reactions | parasitic diseases
34
basophils
histamine | inflammation
35
neutrophils
ingest bacteria | release cytokines
36
monocytes
become macrophages phagocytic antigen-presenting
37
lymphocytes
acquired immunity target pathogens B-cells and T-cells natural killers
38
dendritic cells
antigen-presenting | activate lymphocytes
39
antigen-presenting cells
macrophages | dendritic cells
40
phagocytic cells
macrophages | neutrophils
41
natural killer cells
eliminate virus-infected cells | secrete interferons
42
interferons
prevent viral replication | activates macrophages
43
opsonization
enhancement of recognition of bacteria tagged by antibodies
44
chemotaxins
chemicals released to help phagocytic cells find site of infection
45
chemotaxis
process of leukocytes following chemotaxins to their source
46
mast cells
produce histamine
47
histamine
vasodilator | bronchoconstrictor
48
pyrogens
fever-producing substances
49
complement cascade
formation of membrane attack complex | secrete chemotaxins
50
C-reactive protein
opsonin that activates complement cascade | indicator of heart disease
51
granzymes
cytotoxic enzymes that initiate apoptosis
52
lysozome
extracellular enzyme that attacks bacteria
53
MHC
major histocompatibility complex | involved in cell recognition
54
membrane attack complex
membrane pore protein made in the complement cascade
55
perforin
membrane pore protein that allows granzymes to enter cell | made by NK and cytotoxic T cells
56
T lymphocytes
helper T cells: generals, release signal molecules | cytotoxic T cells: killers, snipers
57
B lymphocytes
plasma cells -> antibodies to plasma memory cells produce antibodies
58
active immunity
system naturally/injected exposed to antigen | immune system builds response
59
passive immunity
transfer of antibodies from another source
60
MHC I
infected body cells, t cells kill
61
MHC II
immune cell, not replicating, t cells DON'T kill
62
helper T cells
stimulate B cells to replicate when they notice a new pathogen
63
killer T cells
kill cell, produce perforins and granzymes

Physiology (16 decks)

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