Final Exam Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population
A
Exponential growth
2
Q
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer
A
Conjugation
3
Q
A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code
A
Plasmid
4
Q
An organism that requires oxygen
A
Aerobic organism
5
Q
The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another
A
Transduction
6
Q
A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born
A
Steady state
7
Q
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources
A
Logistic growth
8
Q
An organism that feeds on dead matter
A
Saprophyte
9
Q
Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits
A
Strains
10
Q
An organism that does not require oxygen
A
Anaerobic organism
11
Q
The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers
A
Endospore
12
Q
An organism that feeds on a living host
A
Parasite
13
Q
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food
A
Photosynthesis
14
Q
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism’s life functions
A
Metabolism
15
Q
Naming an organism with its genus and species name
A
Binomial nomenclature
16
Q
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles
A
Eukaryotic cell
17
Q
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms
A
Decomposers
18
Q
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism
A
Asexual reproduction
19
Q
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms
A
Omnivores
20
Q
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks
A
Catabolism
21
Q
Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye
A
Microorganisms
22
Q
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data
A
Theory
23
Q
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data
A
Scientific law
24
Q
Part labeled C) in diagram
A
Arm
25
Part labeled I) in diagram
Objective
26
Part labeled G) in diagram
Body Tube
27
Part labeled A) in diagram
Coarse adjustment knob
28
Part labeled E) in diagram
Base
29
Part labeled D) in diagram
Stage Clips
30
Part labeled H) in diagram
Revolving nose piece
31
Part labeled J) in diagram
Stage
32
Part labeled B) in diagram
Fine adjustment knob
33
Part labeled F) in diagram
Ocular (or eyepiece)
34
Match the following types of bacteria based on their shape:
coccus
35
Match the following types of bacteria based on their shape:
bacillus
36
Match the following types of bacteria based on their shape:
spirillium
37
If a bacterium is aerobic, would you expect to find it floating at the top of a lake or deep in the muck at the bottom of the lake?
[Enter one word - TOP or BOTTOM]
TOP
38
What shape is a bacterium from the genus Diplobacillus?
[Enter one word - ROD, SPHERE, or SPIRAL]
ROD
39
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of something that is living?
It must breath air.
40
Which of the following taxa contains organisms that are most distantly related?
Class
41
Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes by all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
kinds of nucleotides in their DNA
42
All of the following are examples of substances found in bacteria EXCEPT:
chitin
43
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?
Membrane-bound cellular organelles
44
The scientific name Escherichia coli refers to this bacterium’s
genus and species
45
Spallanzi did experiments to disprove the law of spontaneous generation. He sealed his jars so that air could not get in. Supporters of spontaneous generation argued that without air nothing could live. How did Pasteur’s experiment show once and for all that spontaneous generation does not occur?
He made an experiment that allowed air to pass through but not bacteria (a curved-shaped flask).
46
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility
Chitin
47
A filament of fungal cells
Hypha
48
The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food
Mycelium
49
A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows
Aerial hypha
50
The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring
Zygote
51
An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments
Stolon
52
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules
Fermentation
53
Digestion that takes place outside of the cell
Extracellular digestion
54
Part A)
Contractile Vacuole
55
Part C)
Cilia
56
Part B)
Macro Nucleus
57
Tiny organisms that float in the water
Plankton
58
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited
Commensalism
59
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell
Vacuole
60
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
Cilia
61
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food
Pseudopod
62
The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems
Thallus
63
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane
Pellicle
64
The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells
Endoplasm
65
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
66
A close relationship between two or more species
Symbiosis
67
What characteristic do all Imperfect Fungi have in common?
No known sexual mode of spore formation
68
Classify this organism into its proper subkingdom:
\*\*\*
69
If an organism from kingdom Protista is autotrophic, it is most likely in subkingdom
Algae
70
Classify this organism into its proper phylum:
\*\*\*
71
A unicellular organism is discovered that has the following characteristics: a nucleus, a cell wall, and photosynthetic cells. This organism is most likely to be classified as
a protist
72
A student observes an organism under a microscope. It is unicellular, eukaryotic, has threadlike branches, and a chitinous cell wall. Which kingdom is the organism most likely to be classified under?
Fungi
73
All of the following groups of organisms are photosynthetic EXCEPT:
Stentor
74
Which of the following groups of organisms lack motility?
Sporozoa
75
Asexual reproduction in fungi can be carried out by
stolon
76
Paramecium caudatum is best classified into the kingdom:
Protista
77
A substance made of different elements that are chemically combined is a
compound
78
In many solutions, water is the
solvent
79
What steps of cellular respiration cannot continue in the absence of oxygen?
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport only
80
The covalent bond that joins amino acids together in proteins is called
a peptide bond
81
Molecules made of many simple sugars bonded together are
polysaccharides
82
The pH of pure water is
7.0
83
Inside a cell the cytoplasm is 90% water and 10% solute. The extracellular environment is 95% water and 5% solute. Over time the cell will:
enlarge and experience lysis
84
The cellular structure that is involved in producing ATP during aerobic respiration is the
mitochondrion
85
Which of the following cellular structures are common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Ribosome
86
The plasma membrane consists principally of
proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer
87
All of the following characterize microtubules EXCEPT:
They develop from the plasma membrane.
88
Lysosomes are
involved in the digestion of substances
89
Mitochondria
are often more numerous near areas of major cellular activity
90
A common feature of starch and glycogen is that molecules of both
are polymers of glucose
91
The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires
the release of a water molecule
92
Each of the following molecules is a polymer EXCEPT:
glucose
93
All of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT:
polypeptide
94
A solution with a pH of 10 is how many times more basic than a solution with a pH of 8?
100
95
The conversion of lactose to glucose and galactose involves the addition to the lactose molecule of which of the following species?
H2O
96
Hydrolysis of lipid molecules yields:
fatty acids and glycerol
97
Enzymes affect biochemical reactions by:
accelerating the reaction rates
98
Which of the following statements is true?
* Both DNA and RNA are double-stranded
* DNA contains the pentose sugar ribose while RNA contains deoxyribose
* DNA has a pentose sugar, while RNA has a hexose
* Both DNA and RNA contain bases adenine and thymine
* Only RNA uses the base uracil while only DNA contains thymine
* Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.
Only RNA uses the base uracil while only DNA contains thymine
Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.
99
Isomers of a given nutrient molecule have:
the same molecular formula
100
The nitrogenous base that is complementary to uracil is:
adenine
101
Water can absorb large amounts of heat and still remain liquid because of its high
specific heat capacity
102
A negative ion is an atom that has
gained an electron and become negative
103
A positive ion is an atom that has
lost an electron and become positive
104
Ice floats on water because of the
lower density of ice
105
The attraction of dissimilar molecules to each other illustrates
adhesion
106
The ability of similar molecules to attract each other best illustrates
cohesion
107
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group
Phospholipid
108
A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs
Activation energy
109
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure
Microtubules
110
The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure
Cytolysis
111
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell that resides in the solution
Isotonic solution
112
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Cytoskeleton
113
A bond that links amino acids together in a protein
Peptide bond
114
Chemicals that result from atoms linking together
Molecules
115
Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms
Monosaccharides
116
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Diffusion
117
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Hydrolysis
118
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter
119
A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process
Catalyst
120
The breakdown of absorbed substances
Digestion
121
Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons
Ions
122
Organelles that store starches or oils
Leucoplasts
123
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids
Lysosome
124
ER that is dotted with ribosomes
Rough ER
125
Producing more cells
Reproduction
126
Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion
Waste vacuoles
127
The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells
Middle lamella
128
L
Nucleus
129
F
Plasma Membrane
130
N
Vacuole
131
A
Secretion Vesicle
132
I
Smooth ER
133
C
Mitochondrion
134
When you make ice cubes, are you causing a chemical change or a physical change?
[Enter one word -- CHEMICAL or PHYSICAL]
PHYSICAL
135
Saturated is to single bond as __________ is to double bond.
unsaturated
136
Identify the phase of mitosis for each diagram:
Telophase
137
Identify the phase of mitosis for each diagram:
Prophase
138
Identify the phase of mitosis for each diagram:
Metaphase
139
Identify the phase of mitosis for each diagram:
Anaphase
140
A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
Antigen
141
A genotype in which both alleles are identical
Homozygous genotype
142
A genotype with two different alleles
Heterozygous genotype
143
A person who is heterozygous in a recessive genetic disorder
Genetic disease carrier
144
A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait
Monohybrid cross
145
Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual
Sex chromosomes
146
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
Sex chromosomes
147
Inheritance of a genetic trait not on a sex chromosome
Autosomal inheritance
148
If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism bred true with respect to that characteristic.
True breeding
149
An allele that will not determine the phenotype unless the genotype is homozygous in that allele
Recessive allele
150
Those "nonbiological" factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices
Environmental factors
151
Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction
Gametes
152
Division of nuclear material
Mitosis
153
The RNA that performs transcription
Messenger RNA
154
A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair
Haploid cell
155
A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen
Vaccine
156
A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA
Anticodon
157
The region that joins two sister chromatids
Centromere
158
DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell
Chromosome
159
A non-cellular infectious agent that has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat and it cannot reproduce on its own.
Virus
160
Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):
Metaphase of Mitosis
161
Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):
Anaphase II
162
Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):
Telophase II
163
Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):
Metaphase II
164
Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):
Metaphase I
165
If you were watching a cell divide, give three observations that would indicate that the division was meiosis and not mitosis. (3 Marks)
Chromosome pairs line up in middle during Meiosis I but not in Mitosis
Chromosome pairs split during Meiosis I not double chromosomes splitting as in Mitosis
Two resulting cells continue to divide with one chromosome of each in Meiosis.
166
Using 'E' and 'e' to represent the alleles, indicate the genotype of the following individuals:
* I-1
* I-2
* II-1
* II-2
* II-3
* ee
* Ee
* ee
* Ee
* Ee
167
Indicate the phenotype of the following individuals:
* I-1
* I-2
* II-1
* II-2
* II-3
* Attatched
* Free
* Attached
* Free
* Free
168
Indicate the sex of the following individuals:
* I-1
* I-2
* II-1
* II-2
* II-3
* Male
* Female
* Female
* Male
* Male
169
In a certain plant, seed color can be yellow or green. Seed shape can be smooth or wrinkled. Complete the Punnett Square for the cross between two plants that are heterozygous for seed color and seed shape. Both parents are smooth and green.
Parental Phenotypes: _____ x \_\_\_\_\_
Smooth/Green x Smooth/Green
170
In a certain plant, seed color can be yellow or green. Seed shape can be smooth or wrinkled. Complete the Punnett Square for the cross between two plants that are heterozygous for seed color and seed shape. Both parents are smooth and green.
Parental Genotypes: _____ x \_\_\_\_\_
SsGg x SsGg
171
In a certain plant, seed color can be yellow or green. Seed shape can be smooth or wrinkled. Complete the Punnett Square for the cross between two plants that are heterozygous for seed color and seed shape. Both parents are smooth and green.
Parental Gametes: _____ x \_\_\_\_\_
SG Sg sG sg x SG Sg sG sg
172
173
Find the phenotypic ratio of the offspring (note you may want to complete a 4 x 4 Punnett Square like this):
[Indicate the number of each phenotype expected out of 16 offspring]:
* Smooth/Green:
* Wrinkled/Green:
* Smooth/Yellow:
* Wrinkled/Yellow:
* Smooth/Green: 9
* Wrinkled/Green: 3
* Smooth/Yellow: 3
* Wrinkled/Yellow: 1
174
A bacteriophage
is a virus that infects bacteria
175
Viruses have
the ability to replicate their genetic material
176
Which of the following cellular organelles is most closely associated with the transcription activity of RNA?
Nucleus
177
The correct sequence between genes and their phenotypic expression is
DNA RNA protein trait
178
Which of the following substances is found in RNA molecules but not in DNA molecules?
Ribose
179
If a messenger RNA codon is UAC, which of the following would be the complementary anticodon triplet in the transfer RNA?
AUG
180
All viruses consist of
a nucleic acid and a protein coat
181
The end products of translation are
polypeptides
182
Protein synthesis consists of all of the following steps EXCEPT:
replication
183
The genetic instructions for forming a polypeptide chain are carried to the ribosome by the
mRNA
184
Which of the following best expresses the concept of the word “allele”?
Genes for wrinkled and round
185
A human genetic defect that is caused by Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes is
Turner syndrome
186
A section of a DNA strand is CCA. If it is transcribed, what will be the mRNA codon?
GGU
187
