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AP Psych (2024) > FINAL EXAM PREP !! > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM PREP !! Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of the brain responsible for higher functions. Encompasses the four lobes: occipital, temporal, parietal, and the frontal.

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2
Q

Limbic System

A

Responsible for processing emotions, motivations, and memories.

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3
Q

Brain Stem

A

Connects brain to the spinal cord, allowing for signals from the brain to affect the rest of the body.

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4
Q

Basil Ganglia

A

Motor control, learning, and decision making.

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5
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station of sensory and motor information; processing it before it hits the cerebral cortex.

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates necessary functions in the body to maintain homeostasis. (including hormones)

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7
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells for electrical signaling activity in the brain. These are comprised of the axon, soma, and dendrites.

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Part of a neuron; receives the signal.

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9
Q

Soma

A

Part of neuron; maintain health of the cell/neuron.

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10
Q

Axon

A

Part of a neuron; carries the signal away from the body of the cell.

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11
Q

Myelin

A

Part of a neuron; fatty insulation covering the neuron, acting to speed up the signal transmission.

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Signals released at the synapse that will bind with other receptors if it reaches the action potential. (Ex. Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA)

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13
Q

Action Potential

A

A brief electrical impulse that transmits information along the axon of a neuron. If it exceeds the action potential, then the neuron will fire and if not, then none will be sent. ALL OR NOTHING.

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14
Q

Synapse

A

The junction where two neurons meet, allowing for the communication of electrical and chemical information/signals between them.

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15
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter and hormone; Pleasure, reward, motor skill

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16
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter; Mood, sleep, appetite, emotions

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17
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter; Control, alertness, arousal

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18
Q

GABA

A

Neurotransmitter; Inhibitory, calms, anxiety control

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19
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Primarily the brain and spinal cord.

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20
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves outside the central nervous system.

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21
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Responsible for voluntary skeletal-muscle movements.

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22
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Responsible for involuntary skeletal-muscle movements.

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23
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Responsible for the natural “Fight or Flight” response.

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24
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Responsible for maintaining balance and homeostasis.

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25
Hormones
Chemical messengers released by the endocrine system, heavily influencing behavior and physiological processes.
26
Endocrine System
Responsible for creating and releasing hormones.
27
Pituitary Gland
Part of the endocrine system: to produce and release hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Often referred to as the "master gland" as it controls the activity of other hormone-producing glands.
28
Cortisol
Hormone; Helps the body respond to stress.
29
Testosterone
Hormone; Primary male sex hormone, also associated with anger.
30
Oxytocin
Hormone; Primary functions include stimulating uterine contractions and milk ejection. Also bonding, trust, and social recognition.
31
Estrogen
Hormone; Primary female sex hormone.
32
Melatonin
Hormone; Regulating the body's sleep-wake cycle, known as the circadian rhythm.
33
Adrenaline
Neurotransmitter and hormone; in simple terms, gives energy and extends physical capabilities in moments of stress.
34
Central Executive
Working memory; A supervisory system that controls cognitive processes, making sure the short-term store is actively working, and intervenes when they go astray and prevents distractions.
35
Phonological Loop
Working memory; Holds speech sounds for a short period, and an "inner voice" that rehearses and maintains that information through internal articulation.
36
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Working memory; Responsible for the brief storage of visual information and creating and manipulating mental images.
37
Episodic Buffer
Working memory; a limited capacity storage system responsible for integrating information from several sources to create a unified memory, sometimes referred to as a single 'episode'.
38
Working Memory
A system that enables you to store information for a short period while simultaneously using it to complete cognitive tasks.
39
Piaget
Researcher; Cognitive development theory for how children's thinking evolves (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational).
40
Vygotsky
Researcher; Social interaction and culture for cognitive development (Zone of Proximal Development).
41
Zone of Proximal Development
Researcher; The area where a learner, with the assistance of a more knowledgeable person (MKO), can achieve tasks that they could not do independently.
42
Chomsky
Researcher; Theory of innate language acquisition device that proposes babies are "set up" to learn a language.
43
Miller
Researcher; Chunking.
44
Chunking
A memory strategy where individual pieces of information are grouped into larger, more meaningful units, making it easier to remember and retain.
45
Gardener
Researcher; Multiple intelligences.
46
Multiple Intelligences
Suggesting that individuals possess different types of intelligence, rather than a single, general intelligence (linguistic, logic-mathematical, etc.).
47
Spearman
Researcher; Suggests a single, overarching intelligence factor that influences performance across a wide range of cognitive tasks.
48
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Intelligence is not a single, unified ability, but rather three distinct yet interconnected forms: analytical (academic problem-solving), creative (adapting to new situations and generating new ideas), and practical (common sense and adapting to real-world situations).
49
Scaffolding
The breaking down of information or of parts of a new skill into pieces that are digestible for the learner.
50
Bandura
Researcher; Through the bobo doll experiment he emphasized the importance of observation in learning.
51
Attachment Theory
Focuses on the role of caregiver/infant relationships.
52
Critical Period
Time when infants are especially vulnerable to be impacted by their surroundings.
53
Classical Conditioning
By Pavlov. Learning through association with neutral stimulus and a reflexive response.
54
Operant Conditioning
A subject's voluntary behaviors are modified based on the consequences that follow them (Positive= Adds stimulus, Negative= Takes stimulus.).
55
Attribution Theory
Explains how individuals perceive the causes of events and behaviors, specifically distinguishing between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions.
56
Cognitive Dissonance
Feeling of discomfort when an individual holds conflicting ideas.
57
Fundamental Attribution Error
Overestimate the factor of one's disposition in their behavior and underestimate the factor of one's situation.
58
Schemas
A mental framework or organized pattern of thought that helps people make sense of information and experiences, based on prior knowledge and experiences.
59
Prejudice
Negative attitudes.
60
Discrimination
Negative behavior.
61
Heuristics
Simplified problem-solving strategy that allows us to make judgments and solve problems quickly, can be more prone to errors (Availability= Estimate likelihood of an event based off of how many examples come to mind, Representative= Judge events based off of how well it fits a stereotype or prototype).
62
Social Facilitation
Individuals do simple tasks better in a group and more complex ones worse.
63
Social Loafing
Slacking off when in a group.
64
Groupthink
Desire for agreement in group leads to a lack of critical thinking regarding choices.
65
Psychotherapy
Talk therapy.
66
Pharmacotherapy
Treating mental health with medicine.
67
Teratogen
Any substance or factor that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus or embryo.

AP Psych (2024) (11 decks)

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