Vocabulary #6 | 3

Question 1

Cross-Sectional

Answer 1

A research design where data is collected from different groups of people at a single point in time. (Group A = 5 y/o, Group B = 20 y/o, etc.)

Question 2

Longitudinal

Answer 2

A research design where the same group of participants are observed and studied repeatedly over a long period of time.

Question 3

Lifespan

Answer 3

The entire duration of a person’s life, from conception to death, encompassing all stages of development.

Question 4

Stability v Change

Answer 4

A debate whether a person’s personality traits and behaviors remain relatively consistent (stable) throughout their life, or if they significantly change (change) as they age.

Question 5

Nature v Nurture

Answer 5

The long-standing debate in psychology about whether genetic factors (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) have a greater influence on human development and behavior.

Question 6

Continuity vs Discontinuity (developmental stages)

Answer 6

Continuity refers to the view that development is a gradual, continuous process. Discontinuity refers to the view that development occurs in a series of separate stages.

Question 7

Teratogen

Answer 7

Substances that damage the process of fetal development such as tobacco and alcohol.

Question 8

Reflex-Rooting (homelander💀)

Answer 8

An involuntary newborn reflex where a baby turns their head towards a touch on their cheek, opening their mouth in an attempt to find a source of food. (LITERALLY HOMELANDER)

Question 9

Visual Cliff Apparatus

Answer 9

A research method used to study depth perception in infants and animals. (a fake edge is created; do they crawl off the edge and at what age do they stop?)

Question 10

Critical / Sensitive Period

Answer 10

A specific time window during development where an organism is highly sensitive to environmental stimuli.

Question 11

Adolescent Growth Spurt

Answer 11

A period of rapid physical growth in height and weight that occurs during adolescence, primarily driven by puberty.

Question 12

Puberty

Answer 12

The period of rapid physical / hormonal changes, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the ability to reproduce, signifying the start of the adolescent stage of development.

Question 13

Primary Sex Characteristics

Answer 13

The physical body structures directly involved in reproduction, including the sex organs like ovaries, testes, and external genitalia.

Question 14

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Answer 14

Physical traits that develop during puberty and distinguish between males and females, but are not directly part of the reproductive system.

Question 15

Menarche

Answer 15

The first menstrual period a female experiences.

Question 16

Spermarche

Answer 16

The first ejaculation experienced by a male, marking the onset of sexual maturity in boys.

Question 17

Menopause

Answer 17

The natural stage in a woman’s life when her ovaries cease producing reproductive hormones, marking the end of her reproductive years.

Question 18

Piaget

Answer 18

The theory of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget, which outlines distinct stages children go through as they develop their understanding of the world. (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).

Question 19

Object Permanence

Answer 19

The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it is not visible.

Question 20

Conservation

Answer 20

The cognitive ability of a child to understand that a quantity remains the same even when its appearance changes, like its shape or container.

Question 21

Reversibility

Answer 21

The cognitive ability to understand that actions can be reversed by preforming the opposite.

Question 22

Animism

Answer 22

The cognitive tendency for young children to believe that inanimate objects possess lifelike qualities. (like an inANIMATE object!)

Question 23

Theory of Mind

Answer 23

The cognitive ability to understand that other people have their own unique thoughts, beliefs, desires, and emotions, differing from one’s own.

Question 24

Preoperational Stage

Answer 24

STAGE 2: Early Childhood. (2-7)
Characterized by development of pretend play, egocentrism, animism, and mass curiosity.

Question 25

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 25

STAGE 1: Infancy through Toddlerhood. (0-2) Characterized by development of object permanence, stranger danger, physical mobility, and habits.

Question 26

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 26

STAGE 3: Childhood. (7-11) Characterized by development of conversion understandings, problem solving, action reversibility, and inductive reasoning.

Question 27

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 27

STAGE 4: Teenage Years. (12+) Characterized by development of empathy, invisible audience effect, sex characteristics, and moral reasoning.

Question 28

Vygotsky

Answer 28

A psychologist known for his "sociocultural theory" which emphasizes that cognitive development is heavily influenced by social interactions, cultural context, and language.

Question 29

Scaffolding

Answer 29

The process of providing temporary support or guidance to a learner, usually a child, to help them develop a skill that they wouldn't be able to do independently, gradually reducing the support as the learner becomes more proficient.

Question 30

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 30

The range of abilities an individual can perform with the guidance of an expert, but cannot yet perform on their own (me w math)

Question 31

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 31

Those aspects of intellectual ability, such as vocabulary and general knowledge, that reflect accumulated learning.

Question 32

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 32

The ability to solve new problems, reason logically in novel situations, and identify patterns without relying on previously learned knowledge.

Question 33

Dementia

Answer 33

A generalized decline in cognitive functions like memory, language, and reasoning abilities, severe enough to significantly impair a person's daily life and activities. (often occurring in older patients)

Question 34

Phonemes

Answer 34

The smallest distinctive unit of sound in a spoken language.

Question 35

Morphemes

Answer 35

The smallest unit of meaning in a language. (Ex. "cat", "run", "-ed")

Question 36

Semantics

Answer 36

The study of meaning in language. It explores how words, phrases, and symbols convey meaning and how that meaning is interpreted and understood.

Question 37

Grammar

Answer 37

The mental processes involved in interpreting and producing language.

Question 38

Syntax

Answer 38

The cognitive capacity of human beings that allows us to connect linguistic meaning with linguistic form.

Question 39

Cooing Stage

Answer 39

Developmental stage in infants' language acquisition, characterized by the production of vowel-like sounds. It typically occurs between 2-4 months of age. (a baby's first attempt at expressive language)

Question 40

Babbling Stage

Answer 40

A very early stage of language development, usually occurring around ages 3-4 months. Single-vowel sounds, such as “ooh” and “aah,” whereas babbling includes consonant sounds, like “muh-muh” and “bah-bah".

Question 41

One-Word Stage

Answer 41

A stage in a child's language development when they start using single words to communicate. It usually happens between 9 and 18 months of age.

Question 42

Telegraphic Stage

Answer 42

A developmental phase in a child's language acquisition where they speak using short, simple sentences that only include essential words. Lacks connecting words like "the" or "and", occurs ages 2 to 3.

Question 43

Overgeneralization

Answer 43

A cognitive distortion in psychology where an individual draws broad conclusions based on limited evidence or a single negative event. (failing one test and then being sure you'll fail EVERY math test you take)