Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
(34 cards)
How do negative and positive feedback loops work?
Negative feedback loops reduce the output of a system, while positive feedback loops enhance it.
Both types of feedback loops are crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
What is a serous membrane?
A serous membrane is a thin layer of tissue that covers internal organs and lines the cavities of the body.
It has visceral and parietal components.
Describe the relationship between visceral and parietal components of serous membranes.
Visceral membranes cover organs, while parietal membranes line the cavity walls.
They are continuous with each other.
What is the anatomical position?
The anatomical position is standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, with palms facing forward.
It is a standard reference for anatomical terminology.
What are the planes of dissection?
The primary planes of dissection are sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse.
These planes divide the body into sections.
How does the concentration of free H+ influence pH?
An increase in H+ concentration lowers pH (more acidic), while a decrease raises pH (more basic/alkaline).
Identify whether something is more acidic or basic/alkaline based on pH.
pH below 7 indicates acidity; pH above 7 indicates basicity/alkalinity.
What are the monomers of each of the major macromolecules?
The monomers are:
* Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
* Proteins - amino acids
* Nucleic acids - nucleotides
* Lipids - glycerol and fatty acids.
How do channel proteins, carrier proteins, and ATP-powered pumps act?
Channel proteins facilitate passive transport, carrier proteins assist in both passive and active transport, and ATP-powered pumps transport substances against their concentration gradient.
Each protein type allows specific contents to enter or exit the cell.
Predict how osmosis will drive the movement of fluids.
Osmosis drives water movement from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
Describe the general structure, function, and characteristics of the 4 categories of tissue type.
The four tissue types are:
* Epithelial - covers body surfaces, lines cavities
* Connective - supports, binds other tissues
* Muscle - facilitates movement
* Nervous - transmits impulses.
Describe the major functions of the integumentary system.
The major functions include protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, and vitamin D synthesis.
Describe the major functions of the skeletal system.
The major functions include support, movement, protection of organs, mineral storage, and blood cell production.
What role does the skeletal system play in calcium homeostasis?
The skeletal system stores and releases calcium as needed, regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH).
What are physiological distinctions between spongy bone and compact bone?
Spongy bone is lighter, has a porous structure, and is found in the interior of bones, while compact bone is denser and forms the outer layer.
Define a motor unit.
A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
What is the general sequence of events that triggers the firing of an action potential down a muscle?
The sequence includes depolarization, repolarization, and the return to resting membrane potential.
Describe the divisions of the nervous system.
The nervous system is divided into:
* Central vs Peripheral
* Somatic vs Autonomic
* Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic.
Distinguish an action potential from a graded potential.
An action potential is a large, all-or-nothing response, while a graded potential is a smaller, variable response.
How is the resting membrane potential maintained?
It is maintained primarily by the sodium-potassium pump and the permeability of the membrane to ions.
Define a nerve.
A nerve is a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system.
It differs from a neuron, which is a single nerve cell.
Where do afferent/sensory impulses travel in the spinal cord?
Afferent impulses travel through the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
How about efferent/motor impulses?
Efferent impulses travel through the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
What are possible effectors in the autonomic nervous system?
Possible effectors include:
* Smooth muscles
* Cardiac muscles
* Glands.
