Practical Study Guide II Flashcards
(24 cards)
What are the steps of the sliding filament theory?
- Myosin heads attach to actin filaments.
- Power stroke occurs as myosin heads pull actin filaments.
- ATP binds to myosin, causing it to release actin.
- Myosin heads reset to their original position.
What are the primary structural differences between smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue?
Smooth muscle: non-striated, involuntary, spindle-shaped.
Cardiac muscle: striated, involuntary, branched.
Skeletal muscle: striated, voluntary, long cylindrical fibers.
How does muscle fiber contraction relate to gross muscle movement?
Muscle fiber contraction shortens the sarcomeres, leading to the shortening of the entire muscle, resulting in gross muscle movement.
What is the difference between isometric contraction and isotonic contraction?
Isometric contraction: muscle length remains unchanged while tension increases.
Isotonic contraction: muscle length changes while tension remains constant.
How do agonist, antagonist, and synergist muscles work together?
Agonist muscles produce the primary movement.
Antagonist muscles oppose the movement.
Synergist muscles assist the agonists.
What is the difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems?
Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system: all nerves outside the CNS.
Compare Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.
Schwann cells: myelinate single axons in the peripheral nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes: myelinate multiple axons in the central nervous system.
What is the connection between the nervous system and muscle action?
The nervous system sends signals to muscles to initiate contraction, coordinating movement.
Identify the types of neurons: multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar.
Multipolar neurons: multiple processes.
Bipolar neurons: one axon and one dendrite.
Unipolar neurons: single process.
What is the relationship of a neuron to a nerve?
A neuron is a single nerve cell, while a nerve is a bundle of many neurons.
What are the components of a simple reflex arc?
- Receptor.
- Sensory neuron.
- Integration center.
- Motor neuron.
- Effector.
Differentiate between stretch and autonomic reflexes.
Stretch reflexes: involve skeletal muscles and maintain posture.
Autonomic reflexes: regulate involuntary functions like heart rate.
What are examples of stretch reflexes?
- Patellar reflex.
- Babinski reflex (plantar).
What are examples of autonomic reflexes?
- Pupillary reflex.
- Ciliospinal reflex.
Define receptors: mechano-, proprio-, baro-, photo-, chemo-, and noci-.
Mechano: respond to mechanical pressure.
Proprio: detect body position.
Baro: respond to pressure changes.
Photo: detect light.
Chemo: respond to chemicals.
Noci: detect pain.
What is the difference between sensorineural and conductive hearing loss?
Sensorineural hearing loss: damage to inner ear or auditory nerve.
Conductive hearing loss: obstruction in the outer or middle ear.
What is an otoscope?
An otoscope is a medical instrument used to examine the ear canal and eardrum.
What forms the ‘blind spot’ in the eye?
The optic disc, where the optic nerve exits the retina, forms the blind spot.
What are the known taste sensations?
- Sweet.
- Sour.
- Salty.
- Bitter.
- Umami.
What types of chemicals do taste chemoreceptors detect?
Chemicals involved in sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami sensations.
List the types of papillae and their characteristics.
- Fungiform: mushroom-shaped, found on the tongue.
- Foliate: located on the sides of the tongue.
- Circumvallate: large, dome-shaped at the back of the tongue.
- Filiform: thread-like, do not contain taste buds.
Describe the relationship between a papilla and a taste bud.
A taste bud is located within a papilla and contains the sensory cells for taste.
Where are the locations in the ear responsible for equilibrium and hearing?
Equilibrium: vestibular system (semicircular canals, utricle, saccule).
Hearing: cochlea.
What is the physiology of motion sickness?
Motion sickness occurs when there is a conflict between visual input and vestibular signals, leading to symptoms like dizziness and nausea.
