Study Guide - Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Explain how negative and positive feedback loops work.
How do they relate to homeostasis (see graphic below)?
Be able to give an example of each in the body.
Negative feedback loops - Most feedback mechanisms in the body; response reduces or shuts off original stimulus. Example: Cold reduces body temperature–receptors in brain and skin are activated–afferent pathway in brain is activated–efferent pathway effects skeletal muscles to shiver–body temperature rises/stimulus ends
Positive feedback loops - Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus. Cascade/amplification. Example: Break or tear in blood vessel wall–positive feedback cycle is initiated–platelets adhere to site and release chemicals–platelet plug is fully formed–released chemicals attract more platelets
What is a serous membrane?
Describe the relationship between visceral and parietal components of serous membranes.
Thin, double-layered membranes separated by a slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid. Serous fluid is secreted by both layers. Visceral serosa covers internal organs. Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls.
Chemical bonding
ionic vs covalent bonds (what is going on with electrons in each?)
polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds; give an example of each
Which bonds are strongest? Weakest?
Why is water’s ability to form hydrogen bond important in the body
Ionic bonds - electrons are transferred
Covalent bonds - electrons are shared. Polar = unequal sharing (water). Nonpolar = equal sharing (carbon dioxide)
Strongest - covalent
Weakest - hydrogen
Hydrogen bonds allow water to act as a universal solvent, regulate body temperature effectively due to its high heat capacity, and maintain the structure of important biological molecules like proteins and DNA through its cohesive and adhesive properties
What are the defining features of acids and bases?
Where does each fall on the pH scale? How does free concentration of H+ alter pH?
How can acids & bases be used as buffers?
Acids = Higher concentration of H+ is more acidic and pH is lower
Bases = Lower concentration H+ (higher OH-) is more basic and pH is higher
Acids and bases are used as buffers to help maintain pH of a system, such as the bicarbonate-carbonic acid system of the bloodstream. These function as weak acid/base respectively and maintain a pH balance of 7.4 for the bloodstream.
Anabolic vs catabolic reactions.
Relate these terms to hydrolysis and condensation reactions.
Provide several examples of these reaction types.
Anabolic reactions are those that are creating or synthesizing. A+B = AB. Dehydration synthesis is an example of an anabolic reaction as two monomers are joined together with release of H20 as a byproduct of the reaction.
Example: Amino acids are synthesized into proteins
Catabolic reactions are those that are destroying or breaking down. AB = A + B. Hydrolysis is an example of a catabolic reaction as water is “split” to enable the release of two monomers.
Example: Starch molecules are broken down into glucose molecules
How do monomers & polymers relate?
What are the monomers and polymers of the three major organic molecules discussed (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)?
Name the monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monomers = Building blocks; A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
Polymers = Large molecules (macromolecules)
Made up of multiple monomers
Dehydration synthesis of monomers create polymers. Hydrolysis of polymers create monomers.
Glucose
Monomers = monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Polymers = polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Lipids
Monomers = Fatty acid, glycerol
Polymers = Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
Proteins
Monomers = Amino acids
Polymers = Protein
Integumentary System
Integumentary System - Skin; Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes Vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands
Skeletal System
Skeletal System -Bones/Joints; Protects and supports body organs. Provides framework that muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones, bones store minerals.
Muscular System
Muscular System - Skeletal muscles; Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.
Nervous System
Nervous System - Brain/Spinal Cord, Nerves; Fast-acting control system of the body. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles/glands.
Endocrine System
Endocrine System - Thyroid gland/Adrenal gland/Pancreas; Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System - Heart/Blood vessels; Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System - Red bone marrow/Thymus/Lymphatic vessels/Spleen; Pickups fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity. Immune response mounts attack against foreign substances.
Respiratory System
Respiratory System - Nasal cavity/Lungs/Bronchus; Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Digestive System
Digestive System - Oral cavity/Esophagus/Liver/Stomach; Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foods are eliminated as feces.
Urinary System
Urinary System- Kidney/Ureter/Bladder/Urethra; Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System - Prostate/Penis/Testes; Overall function is production of offspring and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm for fertilization of female eggs.
Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System - Mammary glands/Ovary/Uterus/Vagina; Overall function is production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. Remaining female structure serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus.
