Study Guide - Chapters 3 & 4 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Differentiate microvilli, cilia, and flagella. How does each help a cell carry out its function?
Microvilli increase surface area for absorption, cilia move substances across surfaces, and flagella enable cell motility
Microvilli are found in intestinal cells, cilia in respiratory cells, and flagella in sperm cells.
What major factors determine if a substance can diffuse across a membrane?
Size, polarity, and concentration gradient
Smaller, nonpolar molecules diffuse more easily than larger, polar ones.
If a substance is unable to diffuse across the membrane, how must it enter the cell?
Through facilitated diffusion or active transport
Facilitated diffusion requires specific transport proteins, while active transport requires energy.
How are organic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) used in the cell membrane?
Proteins act as channels and receptors, carbohydrates provide cell recognition, and lipids form the bilayer
Proteins and carbohydrates are crucial for cellular communication and structure.
Describe how channel proteins, carrier proteins, and ATP-powered pumps work.
Channel proteins create a passageway, carrier proteins change shape to transport substances, and ATP-powered pumps use energy to move substances against a gradient
These mechanisms are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Provide an example of specificity, competition, and saturation in carrier proteins.
Specificity: glucose transporter; Competition: glucose and galactose; Saturation: maximum transport rate reached
These properties regulate the efficiency and selectivity of transport processes.
Differentiate passive transport and active transport.
Passive transport does not require energy, while active transport requires energy
Passive transport includes diffusion and osmosis, while active transport includes pumps.
Be able to use the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions to determine how fluids will move across a membrane.
Hypotonic: water enters the cell; Hypertonic: water leaves the cell; Isotonic: no net movement of water
Understanding these terms is crucial for predicting cell behavior in different environments.
Fill in the blank: Diffusion down a concentration gradient refers to ________ transport; whereas diffusion against a concentration gradient refers to _______ transport.
passive; active
This distinction is fundamental in understanding cellular transport mechanisms.
What are the four general types of tissue in the human body?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Each tissue type has distinct structures and functions.
What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.
Epithelial tissue serves as a barrier and is involved in various physiological processes.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Each type has unique characteristics and functions.
What distinguishes skeletal muscle tissue?
Striated, voluntary, and attached to bones.
Skeletal muscle is responsible for movement.
What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?
Striated, involuntary, and found only in the heart.
Cardiac muscle is specialized for continuous contraction.
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
Non-striated, involuntary, and located in hollow organs.
Smooth muscle regulates involuntary movements such as digestion.
How is epithelial tissue categorized?
By shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and number of layers (simple, stratified).
This categorization reflects its functional adaptations.
What is the function of connective tissue?
Support, bind, and protect other tissues and organs.
Connective tissues also store energy and help in immune responses.
What are key locations of epithelial tissue?
Skin, lining of organs, and cavities.
Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines internal structures.
What is the basic structure of connective tissues?
Composed of cells, fibers, and a matrix.
The matrix can vary in consistency from liquid to solid.
Where are connective tissues commonly found?
Bone, blood, adipose tissue, and tendons.
Connective tissues are widely distributed throughout the body.
